Halachaהלכה

The Forty Se'ah Requirement for Mikvah

These sources establish the classical halakhic standard that a kosher mikvah must contain precisely forty se'ah of water. The sources present the scriptural basis for this measure and clarify that this threshold is absolute—immersion is valid at forty se'ah but invalid if even slightly less.

בְּאַרְבָּעִים סְאָה הוּא טוֹבֵל, וּבְאַרְבָּעִים סְאָה חָסֵר קֻרְטוֹב אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל

3 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The Talmudic foundation for the forty se'ah requirement appears already in Menachot 103b, where Rabbi Shimon illustrates the categorical nature of rabbinic measures by stating that one may immerse in a mikvah containing forty se'ah, but not in one lacking even a kortov of that measure — underscoring that forty se'ah is a precise and non-negotiable threshold.

The same forty se'ah standard is codified in Eruvin 14a, where the Gemara, deriving from the verse 'he shall bathe his flesh,' confirms that the required volume of a mikvah is forty se'ah, a ruling treated there as settled law rather than dispute.

That this shiur applies practically — not merely in theory — is evident from Tosefta Shekalim 1, which records that agents of the court would go out and repair mikva'ot, declaring that any mikvah containing forty se'ah is valid for immersion, while one lacking that measure had water channeled into it to complete the forty se'ah.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Tosefta Shekalim 1

תוספתא שקלים א׳

Tosefta Shekalim 1

Any mikvah containing forty se'ah is fit for immersion; if it contains less than forty se'ah, water is brought to it and completed to forty se'ah so that it becomes fit for immersion.

בחמשה עשר בו שלוחי בית דין יוצאין וחופרין בורות שיחין ומערות ומתקנין את המקואות ואת אמת המים כל מקוה שיש בו ארבעים סאה כשר להקוות עליו ושאין בו מ' סאה ממשיכין לו את אמת המים ומשלימין בו ארבעים סאה כדי שיהא כשר להקוות עליו בחמשה עשר בו שלוחי בית דין יוצאין ומפקירין את הכלאים שהפקר ב"ד הפקר ופטור מן המעשרות מצא כלאים בכרם מותר משום גזל ופטור מן המעשרות בשדה אסור משום גזל וחייב במעשרות בחמשה עשר בו שלוחי בית דין יוצאים ומציינין את מקום הטומאה כדי שלא יהו הרבים נתקלין בו אין מציינין לא [על] הסלע ולא [על] הגריד אלא על אבן קבועה אין [מניחין] את הציון במקום הטומאה אלא במקום טהרה סמוך לטומאה והמאהיל עליו טמא מצא אבן אחת מצויינת אף על פי שאין מקיימין [כן] המאהיל עליה טהור מצא שתים המאהיל ביניהן טמא על גביהן טהור אין מציינין לא על [בשר] המת ולא על [עצמות המת] שאין מטמאין באהל אין מציינין אלא על השדרה ועל הגולגולת שמטמאין באהל.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Eruvin 14a

עירובין י״ד א — ד"ה תַּנְיָא רַבִּי חִיָּיא

Eruvin 14a:23

A baraita reports that a ritual bath's volume is forty se'a, as derived from a scriptural teaching about immersion.

תַּנְיָא רַבִּי חִיָּיא: יָם שֶׁעָשָׂה שְׁלֹמֹה הָיָה מַחֲזִיק מֵאָה וַחֲמִשִּׁים מִקְוֵה טׇהֳרָה. מִכְּדִי, מִקְוֶה כַּמָּה הָוֵי — אַרְבָּעִים סְאָה, כִּדְתַנְיָא: ״וְרָחַץ אֶת בְּשָׂרוֹ

Rabbi Ḥiyya taught in a baraita: The sea that Solomon fashioned contained a volume of one hundred and fifty baths of ritual purification. The Gemara asks: After all, with regard to a ritual bath, how much is its volume? It is forty se’a, as it was taught in a baraita: And he shall bathe his flesh

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Menachot 103b

מנחות ק״ג ב — ד"ה אָמְרוּ לוֹ

Menachot 103b:11

Rabbi Shimon states that all measures of the Sages have sharp thresholds: one may immerse for purification in a mikvah containing forty se'ah of water, but cannot immerse in one containing forty se'ah minus a kortov.

אָמְרוּ לוֹ: שִׁשִּׁים נִבְלָלִין, וְשִׁשִּׁים וְאֶחָד אֵין נִבְלָלִין?! אָמַר לָהֶם: כׇּל מִדּוֹת חֲכָמִים כֵּן – בְּאַרְבָּעִים סְאָה הוּא טוֹבֵל, וּבְאַרְבָּעִים סְאָה חָסֵר קֻרְטוֹב אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִטְבּוֹל בָּהֶן. אָמַר לוֹ: בְּשִׁשִּׁים נִבְלָלִין, בְּשִׁשִּׁים וְאֶחָד אֵין נִבְלָלִין?! אָמַר לוֹ: כׇּל מִדַּת חֲכָמִים כֵּן הוּא – בְּאַרְבָּעִים סְאָה הוּא טוֹבֵל, בְּאַרְבָּעִים סְאָה חָסֵר קֻרְטוֹב אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִטְבּוֹל.

The Rabbis said to him: Is it so that sixty tenths of flour can be mixed with a log of oil, but sixty-one tenths cannot be mixed? Rabbi Shimon said to them: All the measures of the Sages are so: For example, in a ritual bath containing forty se’a of water, one immerses for purification, and in a ritual bath with forty se’a less the small measure of a kortov, one cannot immerse in it for purification. Rabbi Yehuda said to him: Is it so that if the mixture consists of sixty tenths of flour, it can be mixed with a log of oil, and if it consists of sixty-one tenths, it cannot be mixed? Rabbi Shimon said to Rabbi Yehuda: All the measures of the Sages are so: In a ritual bath containing forty se’a of water, one immerses for purification, and in a ritual bath with forty se’a less the small measure of a kortov, one cannot immerse and be purified.

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