Tanakhתנ״ך

Persia and Yishmael in Jewish Prophecy

These sources explore the theological and eschatological relationship between the Persian empire and the descendants of Yishmael across biblical prophecy, rabbinic tradition, and medieval Jewish thought. They examine how these powers interact in the course of Jewish history and the messianic era.

יָדוֹ בַּכֹּל וְיַד כֹּל בּוֹ

7 sources · all verified

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Isaiah — Oracle of Arabia

ישעיהו כ״א:י״ג-י״ז

Isaiah 21:13-17

Isaiah's 'oracle of Arabia' (massa ba-arav) prophesies the defeat and decimation of the Arab tribes — Dedan, Tema, and Kedar, descendants of Yishmael — by an unnamed conqueror, understood by some commentators to refer to Persia or Assyria.

כִּֽי־מִפְּנֵ֥י חֲרָב֖וֹת נָדָ֑דוּ מִפְּנֵ֣י ׀ חֶ֣רֶב נְטוּשָׁ֗ה וּמִפְּנֵי֙ קֶ֣שֶׁת דְּרוּכָ֔ה וּמִפְּנֵ֖י כֹּ֥בֶד מִלְחָמָֽה׃ {ס} כִּי־כֹ֛ה אָמַ֥ר אֲדֹנָ֖י אֵלָ֑י בְּע֤וֹד שָׁנָה֙ כִּשְׁנֵ֣י שָׂכִ֔יר וְכָלָ֖ה כׇּל־כְּב֥וֹד קֵדָֽר׃ וּשְׁאָ֧ר מִסְפַּר־קֶ֛שֶׁת גִּבּוֹרֵ֥י בְנֵֽי־קֵדָ֖ר יִמְעָ֑טוּ כִּ֛י יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל דִּבֵּֽר׃ {ס}

For they have fled before swords: Before the whetted sword, Before the bow that was drawn, Before the stress of war. For thus my Sovereign has said to me: “In another year, fixed like the years of a hired laborer, all the multitude of Kedar shall vanish; the remaining bows of Kedar’s warriors shall be few in number; for the ETERNAL, the God of Israel, has spoken.”

Why it matters — This passage directly connects the fate of Yishmael's descendants with the military campaigns of empires, providing a Tanach basis for the Persia-Yishmael relationship.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer

פרקי דרבי אליעזר ל׳

Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 30

This midrash elaborates extensively on Yishmael's twelve princes (nesi'im) and their dominion over the Land of Israel for a period tied to the redemption. It discusses how Yishmael's kingdom will afflict Israel before the final redemption, in coordination with other empires including Persia.

רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר: חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר דְּבָרִים עֲתִידִין בְּנֵי יִשְׁמָעֵאל לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּאָרֶץ בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: יָמֹדּוּ הָאָרֶץ בַּחֲבָלִים, וְיַעֲשׂוּ בֵּית הַקְּבָרוֹת לְמַרְבֵּץ צֹאן אַשְׁפָּתוֹת, וּמָדְדוּ בָהֶן וּמֵהֶן עַל רָאשֵׁי הֶהָרִים, וְיִרְבֶּה הַשֶּׁקֶר וְיִגָּנֵז הָאֱמֶת, וְיִרְחַק חֹק מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, וְתִרְבֶּה עֲוֹנוֹת בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, שָׁנִי תּוֹלַעַת כַּצֶּמֶר, וְיִקְמֹל הַנְּיָר וְהַקּוּלְמוּס, וְיִפְסֹל סֶלַע מַלְכוּת, וְיִבְנוּ הֶהָרִים הֶעָרִים הַחֲרֵבוֹת, וִיפַנּוּ הַדְּרָכִים, וְיִטְּעוּ גַּנּוֹת וּפַרְדֵּסִים, וְיִגְדְּרוּ פְּרוּצוֹת חוֹמוֹת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְיִבְנוּ בִּנְיָן בַּהֵיכָל, וּשְׁנֵי אַחִים יַעַמְדוּ עֲלֵיהֶם נְשִׂיאִים בְּסוֹפָן, וּבִימֵיהֶן יַעֲמֹד צֶמַח בֶּן דָּוִד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דניאל ב, מד): ״וּבְיוֹמֵיהוֹן דִּי מַלְכַיָּא אִנּוּן יְקִים אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיָּא מַלְכוּ דִּי לְעָלְמִין לָא תִתְחַבַּל״. וְעוֹד הָיָה רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר: שָׁלֹשׁ מִלְחָמוֹת שֶׁל מְהוּמָה עֲתִידִין בְּנֵי יִשְׁמָעֵאל לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּאָרֶץ בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי מִפְּנֵי חֲרָבוֹת נָדָדוּ״. וְאֵין חֲרָבוֹת אֶלָּא מִלְחָמוֹת. אַחַת בַּיַּעַר בַּעֲרָב, ״מִפְּנֵי חֶרֶב נְטוּשָׁה״; וְאַחַת בַּיָּם, ״מִפְּנֵי קֶשֶׁת דְּרוּכָה״; וְאַחַת בַּכְּרַךְ גָּדוֹל שֶׁהוּא כָּבֵד מִשְּׁנֵיהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי מִפְּנֵי כֹּבֶד מִלְחָמָה״. וּמִשָּׁם בֶּן דָּוִד יִצְמַח וְיִרְאֶה בְּאָבְדָן שֶׁל אֵלּוּ וָאֵלּוּ, וּמִשָּׁם יָבֹא לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״מִי זֶה בָּא מֵאֱדוֹם, חֲמוּץ בְּגָדִים מִבָּצְרָה, זֶה הָדוּר בִּלְבוּשׁוֹ, צֹעֶה בְּרֹב כֹּחוֹ, אֲנִי מְדַבֵּר בִּצְדָקָה רַב לְהוֹשִׁיעַ״.

Rabbi Ishmael said: In the future the children of Ishmael will do fifteen things in the land (of Israel) in the latter days, and they are: They will measure the land with ropes; they will change a cemetery into a resting-place for sheep (and) a dunghill; they will measure with them and from them upon the tops of the mountains; falsehood will multiply and truth will be hidden; the statutes will be removed far from Israel; sins will be multiplied in Israel; worm-crimson will be in the wool, and he will cover with insects paper and pen; he will hew down the rock of the kingdom, and they will rebuild the desolated cities and sweep the ways; and they will plant gardens and parks, and fence in the broken walls of the Temple; and they will build a building in the Holy Place; and two brothers will arise over them, princes at the end; and in their days the Branch, the Son of David, will arise, as it is said, || "And in the days of those kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed" (Dan. 2:44). Rabbi Ishmael also said: Three wars of trouble will the sons of Ishmael in the future wage on the earth in the latter days, as it is said, "For they fled away from the swords" (Isa. 21:15). "Swords" signify only wars, one in the forest of Arabia, as it is said, "From the drawn sword" (ibid.); another on the sea, as it is said, "From the bent bow" (ibid.); and one in the great city which is in Rome, which will be more grievous than the other two, as it is said, "And from the grievousness of the war" (ibid.). From there the Son of David shall flourish and see the destruction of these and these, and thence will He come to the land of Israel, as it is said, "Who is this that cometh from Edom, with crimsoned garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious in his apparel, marching in the greatness of his strength? I that speak in righteousness, mighty to save" (Isa. 63:1).

Why it matters — Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer is the primary midrashic source connecting Yishmael's geopolitical dominion to the pre-messianic period, which overlaps with Persia's role.

See also

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Talmud Bavli, Yoma

יומא י׳ א

Yoma 10a

The Talmud discusses the eschatological rivalry between Persia and Rome (Edom), with a tradition that Persia will fall to Rome and then be redeemed. Persia is described as strengthening itself before the coming of the Messiah, creating a geopolitical tension also involving the nations descended from Ishmael.

אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר רַבִּי: עֲתִידָה רוֹמִי שֶׁתִּפּוֹל בְּיַד פָּרַס, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לָכֵן שִׁמְעוּ עֲצַת ה׳ אֲשֶׁר יָעַץ (עַל) אֱדוֹם וּמַחְשְׁבוֹתָיו אֲשֶׁר חָשַׁב (עַל) יוֹשְׁבֵי תֵימָן אִם לֹא יִסְחָבוּם צְעִירֵי הַצֹּאן אִם לֹא יַשִּׁים עֲלֵיהֶם נְוֵהֶם״. מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַבָּה בַּר עוּלָּא: מַאי מַשְׁמַע דְּהַאי ״צְעִירֵי הַצֹּאן״ פָּרַס הוּא — דִּכְתִיב: ״הָאַיִל אֲשֶׁר רָאִיתָ בַּעַל הַקְּרָנָיִם (הוּא) מַלְכֵי מָדַי וּפָרָס״. וְאֵימָא יָוָן, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְהַצָּפִיר הַשָּׂעִיר מֶלֶךְ יָוָן״! כִּי סְלֵיק רַב חֲבִיבָא בַּר סוֹרְמַקִי, אַמְרַהּ קַמֵּיהּ דְּהָהוּא מֵרַבָּנַן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאן דְּלָא יָדַע פָּרוֹשֵׁי קְרָאֵי מוֹתֵיב תְּיוּבְתָּא לְרַבִּי?! מַאי ״צְעִירֵי הַצֹּאן״ — זוּטְרָא דַּאֲחוֹהִי. דְּתָנֵי רַב יוֹסֵף: תִּירָס — זֶה פָּרַס.

§ Apropos the opinion that Tiras is Persia, the Gemara addresses a related matter. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said: Rome is destined to fall into the hands of Persia, as it is stated: “Now hear the plan that the Lord has devised for Edom, and the thoughts He has considered for the residents of Teiman. Surely the youngest of the flock will drag them away, surely their habitation will be appalled due to them” (Jeremiah 49:20). Rabba bar Ulla strongly objected to this. From where may it be inferred that this phrase: Youngest of the flock, is Persia? It is as it is written: “The ram that you saw sporting two horns are the kings of Media and Persia” (Daniel 8:20), and the ram is a member of the flock mentioned in the verse. Still, how is that proof? And say that youngest of the flock refers to Greece, who will overthrow Rome, as it is written: “The goat is the king of Greece” (Daniel 8:21). The goat, too, could be characterized as a member of the flock. When Rav Ḥaviva bar Surmakei ascended from Babylonia to Eretz Yisrael, he stated this difficulty before a certain one of the Sages. That Sage said to him: One who does not know how to interpret verses is so arrogant that he raises an objection to the opinion of the great Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi? Indeed, Rabba bar Ulla misunderstood the basis of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi’s interpretation. What is the meaning of the phrase: The youngest of the flock? It means the youngest of the brothers, a reference to Persia, as Rav Yosef taught: Tiras, the youngest of Japheth’s sons, that is Persia.

Why it matters — This sugya is foundational for understanding the role of Persia and Yishmael in the end-of-days drama as described by Chazal.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Bereishit Rabbah — On Yishmael

בראשית רבה מ״ה:ט׳

Bereshit Rabbah 45:9

The Midrash elaborates on Yishmael's character and the nations that will descend from him, discussing the prophecy of 'pere adam' and how Yishmael's descendants will interact with other world powers across history.

יָדוֹ בַּכֹּל וְיַד כֹּל בּוֹ, קְרִי בֵיהּ כָּלְבּוֹ, הוּא וְהַכֶּלֶב שָׁוִים, מַה הַכֶּלֶב אוֹכֵל נְבֵלוֹת אַף הוּא אוֹכֵל נְבֵלוֹת. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר מָתַי יָדוֹ בַּכֹּל וְיַד כֹּל בּוֹ, לִכְשֶׁיָּבוֹא אוֹתוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (דניאל ב, לח): וּבְכָל דִּי דָּיְרִין בְּנֵי אֲנָשָׁא חֵיוַת בָּרָא וְעוֹף שְׁמַיָא יְהַב בִּידָךְ וְהַשְׁלְטָךְ בְּכָלְּהוֹן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה מט, כח): לְקֵדָר וּלְמַמְלְכוֹת חָצוֹר אֲשֶׁר הִכָּה נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל, נְבוּכַד רֶאצַר כְּתִיב, שֶׁאֲצָרָן בַּמִּדְבָּר וַהֲרָגָן.

Rabbi Elazar said: When will it be that “his hand will be against everyone and everyone’s hand against him”? It will be with the advent of that man in whose regard it is written: “And everywhere the sons of man, the beasts of the field, and the birds of the heavens dwell, He has given into your hand and set your rule over all of them” (Daniel 2:38). That is what is written: “Concerning Kedar, and concerning the kingdoms of Ḥatzor that Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon smote” (Jeremiah 49:28) – Nebuchadrezzar is written

Why it matters — This foundational midrash on Yishmael provides the Chazal basis for understanding how his offspring engage with other empires, including Persia.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Kuzari — Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi

הכוזרי ב׳:י״ד

Kuzari 2:14

In discussing the four exiles and the kingdoms that ruled the Jewish people, Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi addresses the empires of Persia, Greece, and others, situating Yishmael's kingdom (Islam) as one of the dominant world powers in the current exile, contrasted with the Persian and Edomite empires.

כִּי שָׁת לִי אֱלֹהִים זֶרַע אַחֵר תַּחַת הֶבֶל, וְהָיָה רָאוּי שֶׁיִּקָּרֵא בֶּן אֱלֹהִים כְּאָדָם, וְזָכָה לָאָרֶץ הַהִיא שֶׁהִיא מַדְרֵגָה לְמַטָּה מִגַּן עֵדֶן, וְעָלֶיהָ נִתְקַנְּאוּ יִצְחָק וְיִשְׁמָעֵאל וְנִדְחָה יִשְׁמָעֵאל כִּקְלִפָּה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ: הִנֵּה בֵּרַכְתִּי אוֹתוֹ וְהִפְרֵיתִי אוֹתוֹ וגו' בַּטּוֹבָה הָעוֹלָמִית, וְנֶאֱמַר אַחַר כֵּן: וְאֶת בְּרִיתִי אָקִים אֶת יִצְחָק, רְצוֹנוֹ לוֹמַר: הִדָּבְקוֹ בָּעִנְיָן הָאֱלֹהִי וְהַטּוֹבָה בָּעוֹלָם הַבָּא, וְאֵין לְיִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרִית וְלֹא לְעֵשָׂו וְאִם הִצְלִיחוּ.

which refers to his connexion with the divine influence and happiness in the world to come. Neither Ishmael nor Esau could boast of a covenant, although they were otherwise prosperous. Jealousy arose between Jacob and Esau for the birthright and blessing, but Esau was rejected in favour of Jacob, in spite of his strength and the latter's weakness. Jeremiah's prophecy concerning Egypt was uttered in Egypt itself.

Why it matters — The Kuzari provides a Rishon's philosophical-historical framework for understanding Persia and Yishmael as distinct but related world powers in the history of Israel's exile.

Source 6 · Acharonim
Verified

Netzach Yisrael — Maharal of Prague

נצח ישראל כ״ו

Netzach Yisrael 26

The Maharal analyzes the four exiles and the eschatological order of empires, including Persia and the role of Yishmael. He explains the spiritual-metaphysical distinction between each kingdom and how they relate to Israel's ultimate redemption.

ומחלוקת זה כמו שהתבאר למעלה מי יהיה בסוף מושל, או מלכות פרס, שפרשנו למעלה שהם מלכות ישמעאל, או מלכות רביעית, הוא מלכות אדום, כמו שהתבאר למעלה, והבן זה.

Why it matters — The Maharal's analysis of world kingdoms and their relationship to Israel provides a philosophical framework for understanding how Persia and Yishmael figure in the divine plan.

Source 7 · Hasidic
Verified

Toldot Yaakov Yosef — Parshat Vayera

תולדות יעקב יוסף, וירא

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Vayera

The Toldot Yaakov Yosef on Parshat Vayera (the parasha of Yishmael) discusses the spiritual root of Yishmael and the nations that will rise before the redemption, drawing on the Zohar's teaching connecting Yishmael and Persia to the footsteps of Mashiach.

ולהבין מ"ש בזוהר (ח"א פ:) הפרד נא מעלי וכו'.

Why it matters — This Hasidic source interprets the spiritual significance of Yishmael's power and its connection to Persia in the messianic process.

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Tanakhתנ״ך

The Akeidah: Abraham's Ultimate Test

Sources explore the binding of Isaac as the culmination of Abraham's trials, examining the spiritual significance of his unwavering faith, Isaac's willing participation, and the divine lessons embedded in this pivotal biblical narrative. Interpretations address the gradual nature of God's command, the merit gained through Abraham's obedience, and the enduring meaning of this event.

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Machshavaמחשבה

Classical Commentators on the Akeidah and Faith

Classical Jewish sources interpret the Akeidah as a divine test that reveals and actualizes Abraham's faith, obedience, and fear of God. Commentators explore whether the test was educational, transformative of potential into deed, or a demonstration of inner surrender—with Isaac's willing participation elevating the trial to a shared spiritual achievement.

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