Shabbatשבת

Opening a Refrigerator on Shabbat

Sources address whether one may perform an otherwise permitted action on Shabbat when it will foreseeably trigger a prohibited result. The discussion centers on the distinction between intentional acts and unintended consequences, and whether inevitable side effects render an action forbidden.

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18 sources · 11 verified

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What the sources say

The question of opening a refrigerator door on Shabbos when the compressor is currently off touches several distinct halachic issues, each requiring its own analysis.

Opening refrigerator on Shabbos

The foundational principle governing this question is that an unintentional act is permitted provided the forbidden result is not an inevitable consequence: the Shulchan Arukh (Orach Chayim 337:1) and the Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Shabbat 1:5–6) both rule that one may perform a permitted act even if a prohibited labor might result, so long as one does not intend that result and it is not a certainty, while the Mishnah Berurah (337) clarifies that this leniency fails once the forbidden outcome is a definite consequence (pesik reishei).

The Gemara in Shabbat 75a and Shabbat 120b establishes the rule that even Rabbi Shimon, who generally permits unintentional acts, concedes that when a prohibited result is inevitable — 'cut off its head and will it not die' — the person is liable, a principle directly relevant to evaluating whether opening the refrigerator door inevitably triggers the motor.

The machlokes among the Tanna'im regarding unintentional acts is laid out in Beitzah 23a, which records that Rabbi Yehudah forbids a davar she'eino mitkavein, the Rabbanan agree with Rabbi Yehudah on this point yet add a gezeirah, and Rabbi Elazar ben Azaryah follows Rabbi Shimon who permits it — a tripartite dispute that frames the permissibility of any action that might incidentally trigger a prohibited result.

A parallel case involving doors and indirect consequences appears in the Shulchan Arukh HaRav (Orach Chayim 277:1–8), which rules that one may not open a door near a lit candle even without intending to extinguish it, because if wind were blowing the candle would inevitably be extinguished — and since that result would be unavoidable the moment wind begins, the act constitutes pesik reishei and is forbidden even when no wind is currently blowing.

Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Minchas Shlomo 1:10) provides a direct ruling on the refrigerator question, stating explicitly that opening the refrigerator door while the compressor is already running is certainly permitted, and he begins a comprehensive analysis of whether opening the door when the motor is idle is forbidden, raising additionally the concern that if the refrigerator was at rest during bein hashmashot it may be subject to muktzeh for the entire Shabbos under the rule of migo d'itkatzai.

The Minchas Yitzchak (Minchas Yitzchak 2:16) addresses specifically the case of opening a refrigerator door on Shabbos where there is no electric light activated by the door, focusing his analysis on whether the warm air that enters and thereby triggers the thermostat to start the compressor sooner constitutes an indirect activation (grama) of a prohibited act or a more direct violation.

The Tzitz Eliezer (Tzitz Eliezer 8:12) discusses the general halachic permissibility of using electric refrigerators on Shabbos, analyzing whether actions that cause the refrigerator's mechanisms to operate — including the automatic nature of its cooling function — constitute prohibited labor or are considered to occur on their own (naaseh me'eilav).

Rav Moshe Feinstein (Iggerot Moshe, Orach Chayim 2:68) rules that if one forgot to remove the refrigerator's interior light bulb before Shabbos, opening the door is forbidden because the light will inevitably turn on, constituting a pesik reishei that benefits the user; however, in a case of great need for Shabbos meals, one may ask a non-Jew to open the door, and ideally one should open the refrigerator while the motor is already running — implying that opening it while the motor is off raises its own distinct concern.

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Causing motors to start

The broader question of whether completing or activating an electrical circuit on Shabbos constitutes a Torah-level prohibition is addressed by Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Minchas Shlomo 1:11), who presents the stringent view of the Chazon Ish that completing an electrical circuit constitutes the Torah prohibition of Boneh (building/fixing a vessel) because it establishes the functional state of the electrical path, and records his correspondence with the Chazon Ish debating whether operating a switch is Boneh or merely a temporary, routine action.

The concept of indirect causation (grama) as a potential leniency for triggering automatic mechanisms is explored in the Minchas Yitzchak (Minchas Yitzchak 3:137), which addresses a case where drawing hot water from a boiler causes a drop in water level that automatically extinguishes the gas flame beneath it, and discusses whether such an indirect chain of causation — where a person's permitted act sets off an automatic mechanism that performs the prohibited result — may be treated as grom kibui rather than a direct prohibition.

The prohibition of cooking with heat derived from fire (Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 318:3) and the distinction between direct and indirect prohibited results (Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 314:1–2) inform the broader analysis of whether indirectly causing a motor to activate — through the thermostat's automatic response to temperature change — is treated as a direct prohibited act or a more attenuated form of causation.

The question of intent and the concept of melekhet machashevet are discussed by Rabbi Akiva Eiger (Teshuvot Rabbi Akiva Eiger 8), who reasons that where there is no melekhet machashevet the Torah's prohibition does not apply at all, a principle relevant to evaluating whether the indirect triggering of a compressor motor — without any deliberate intent to start it — rises to the level of a biblical violation.

The Shulchan Arukh (Orach Chayim 320:18) records a machlokes regarding a pesik reishei that brings no benefit to the actor (pesik reishei d'lo nicha lei), with one view permitting such an act and another forbidding it even without benefit — a distinction directly applicable to one who opens the refrigerator without desiring or needing the motor to start.

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Source 1 · Chazal
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Shabbat 75a

שבת ע״ה א — ד"ה רָבָא אָמַר

Shabbat 75a:6

Presents the classic discussion of פסיק רישיה, the inevitable result of an otherwise permitted act, establishing the key Talmudic category used in modern refrigerator cases.

רָבָא אָמַר: אֲפִילּוּ תֵּימָא שֶׁפְּצָעוֹ חַי, מִתְעַסֵּק הוּא אֵצֶל נְטִילַת נְשָׁמָה. וְהָא אַבָּיֵי וְרָבָא דְּאָמְרִי תַּרְוַויְיהוּ: מוֹדֶה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בִּ״פְסִיק רֵישֵׁיהּ וְלֹא יָמוּת״! שָׁאנֵי הָכָא, דְּכַמָּה דְּאִית בֵּיהּ נְשָׁמָה טְפֵי נִיחָא לֵיהּ, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלֵיצִיל צִיבְעֵיהּ.

Rava said: Even if you say that he broke it when it was alive, he is exempt. Since he had no intention of killing the ḥilazon, he is considered as one who is acting unawares with regard to taking a life. The Gemara raises a difficulty: Didn’t Abaye and Rava both say that Rabbi Shimon, who rules that an unintentional act is permitted, agrees that in a case of: Cut off its head and will it not die, one is liable? One who performs an action that will inevitably result in a prohibited labor cannot claim that he did not intend for his action to lead to that result. Lack of intention is only a valid claim when the result is merely possible, not inevitable. Since one who extracts blood from a ḥilazon inevitably takes its life, how can Rava claim that his action is unintentional? The Gemara answers: Here it is different, as the longer the ḥilazon lives, the better it is for the trapper, so that its dye will become clear. Dye extracted from a live ḥilazon is a higher quality than that which is extracted from a dead one. Rabbi Shimon agrees that one who performs an action with inevitable consequences is liable only in a case where the consequences are not contrary to his interests. Since he prefers that the ḥilazon remain alive as long as possible, he is not liable for the inevitable consequences.

Source 2 · Chazal
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Shabbat 120b

שבת ק״כ ב — ד"ה אֲמַר לֵיהּ

Shabbat 120b:5

Discusses the principle that a person is not generally liable for an unintended consequence, while distinguishing cases where the consequence is inevitable; this is central to the refrigerator question.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בְּהָא אֲפִילּוּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מוֹדֶה. דְּהָא אַבָּיֵי וְרָבָא דְּאָמְרִי תַּרְוַיְיהוּ: מוֹדֶה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בִּ״פְסִיק רֵישֵׁיהּ וְלָא יְמוּת״. אִי הָכִי, הָכָא נָמֵי, כְּתִיב: ״לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה [כׇל] מְלָאכָה״ — עֲשִׂיָּיה הוּא דְּאָסוּר, גְּרָמָא שְׁרֵי! מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁאָדָם בָּהוּל עַל מָמוֹנוֹ, אִי שָׁרֵית לֵיהּ — אָתֵי לְכַבּוֹיֵי.

He said to him: In this case, even Rabbi Shimon concedes that it is prohibited, as it was Abaye and Rava who both said that Rabbi Shimon concedes in a case of: Cut off its head, will it not die? In an instance where the unintentional act leads to an inevitable prohibited consequence, even Rabbi Shimon agrees that the person who performs the unintentional act is liable. The Gemara asks: If so, here too, with regard to Shabbat, it is written: “And the seventh day is Shabbat for the Lord your God, you shall not perform any labor” (Exodus 20:9). And here, too, one could derive: Performance is that which is prohibited; indirectly causing a prohibited action is permitted. The Gemara answers: Actually, Rabbi Yosei maintains there is no prohibition in indirectly causing a fire to be extinguished; however, since a person is agitated about his property, if you permit him to indirectly extinguish the fire, he will come to extinguish it directly.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Beitzah 23a

ביצה כ״ג א — ד"ה וְשָׁלֹשׁ מַחְלוֹקוֹת בַּדָּבָר

Beitzah 23a:13

Discusses unintended consequences and acts whose prohibited result is not the actor’s objective, contributing to the broader Talmudic framework of indirect or incidental Shabbat outcomes.

וְשָׁלֹשׁ מַחְלוֹקוֹת בַּדָּבָר, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה סָבַר: דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּין — אָסוּר. מִיהוּ: קֵרוּד — קְטַנִּים, וְעוֹשִׂין חַבּוּרָה. קִרְצוּף — גְּדוֹלִים, וְאֵין עוֹשִׂין חַבּוּרָה. וְלָא גָּזְרִינַן קִרְצוּף אַטּוּ קֵרוּד. וְרַבָּנַן סָבְרִי נָמֵי כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּין — אָסוּר, וְגָזְרִינַן קִרְצוּף אַטּוּ קֵרוּד. וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה סָבַר לַהּ כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן דְּאָמַר: דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּין — מוּתָּר, וּבֵין קֵרוּד וּבֵין קִרְצוּף שְׁרֵי. אָמַר רָבָא אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן לְחוֹדֵיהּ: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, שֶׁהֲרֵי רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה מוֹדֶה לוֹ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא לְרַב נַחְמָן: וְלֵימָא מָר, הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה שֶׁהֲרֵי חֲכָמִים מוֹדִים לוֹ! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אֲנָא כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן סְבִירָא לִי, וְעוֹד שֶׁהֲרֵי רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה מוֹדֶה לוֹ.

And there are three disputes with regard to this matter. Rabbi Yehuda holds that an unintentional act, a permitted action from which an unintended prohibited labor ensues on Shabbat, is prohibited, as in his opinion it is prohibited to perform an action that involves a prohibited labor on Shabbat even if one has a permitted action in mind and does not intend to perform the labor in question. Therefore, one may not comb an animal in a manner that will cause a wound, even unintentionally. However, he differentiates between the cases: Although he prohibits combing with a small-toothed comb that makes a wound, he permits brushing with a large-toothed comb that does not make a wound, and we do not issue a decree and prohibit brushing due to combing, as there is no concern that people will err and come to permit even combing in the prohibited manner. And the Rabbis also hold in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda with regard to the fundamental issue that an unintentional act is prohibited. However, they maintain that we issue a decree and prohibit brushing due to combing. On the other hand, Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya holds in accordance with the dissenting opinion of Rabbi Shimon, who said that an unintentional act is permitted. Therefore, both combing and brushing are permitted, as even if the combing or brushing bruises the animal, there is no transgression of a prohibition, as there was certainly no intention to cause the animal a wound. Rava said that Rav Naḥman said that Shmuel said, and some say that Rav Naḥman said this teaching himself: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, that an unintentional act is permitted on Shabbat, as Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya agrees with him. Rava said to Rav Naḥman: And let the Master say the opposite, that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, as the Rabbis agree with him. Rav Naḥman said to him: Fundamentally I hold in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon; I am merely adding another reason for doing so, which is that Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya agrees with him.

Source 4 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 1:5-6

משנה תורה, הלכות שבת א׳:ה׳-ו׳

Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 1:5-6

Rambam explains liability for unintended consequences and cases in which a person performs a permitted act while a prohibited result follows, an important foundation for analyzing thermostat activation.

דְּבָרִים הַמֻּתָּרִים לַעֲשׂוֹתָן בְּשַׁבָּת וּבִשְׁעַת עֲשִׂיָּתָן אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁתֵּעָשֶׂה בִּגְלָלָן מְלָאכָה וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא תֵּעָשֶׂה. אִם לֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן לְאוֹתָהּ מְלָאכָה הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר. כֵּיצַד. גּוֹרֵר אָדָם מִטָּה וְכִסֵּא וְסַפְסָל וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן בְּשַׁבָּת וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִתְכַּוֵּן לַחְפֹּר חָרִיץ בַּקַּרְקַע בִּשְׁעַת גְּרִירָתָן. וּלְפִיכָךְ אִם חָפְרוּ הַקַּרְקַע אֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ בְּכָךְ לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא נִתְכַּוֵּן. וְכֵן מְהַלֵּךְ אָדָם עַל גַּבֵּי עֲשָׂבִים בְּשַׁבָּת וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִתְכַּוֵּן לַעֲקֹר אוֹתָן. לְפִיכָךְ אִם נֶעֶקְרוּ אֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ. וְרוֹחֵץ יָדָיו בַּעֲפַר הַפֵּרוֹת וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִתְכַּוֵּן לְהַשִּׁיר הַשֵּׂעָר. לְפִיכָךְ אִם נָשַׁר אֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ. וְכֵן פִּרְצָה דְּחוּקָה מֻתָּר לְהִכָּנֵס בָּהּ בְּשַׁבָּת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמַּשִּׁיר צְרוֹרוֹת. וְכֵן כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁאֵין מִתְכַּוֵּן כְּגוֹן זֶה הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר: אֲבָל עָשָׂה מַעֲשֶׂה וְנַעֲשֵׂית בִּגְלָלוֹ מְלָאכָה שֶׁוַּדַּאי תֵּעָשֶׂה בִּשְׁבִיל אוֹתוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא נִתְכַּוֵּן לָהּ חַיָּב. שֶׁהַדָּבָר יָדוּעַ שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא תֵּעָשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ מְלָאכָה. כֵּיצַד. הֲרֵי שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְרֹאשׁ עוֹף לְצַחֵק בּוֹ הַקָּטָן וְחָתַךְ רֹאשׁוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין סוֹף מְגַמָּתוֹ לַהֲרִיגַת הָעוֹף בִּלְבַד חַיָּב שֶׁהַדָּבָר יָדוּעַ שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיַּחְתֹּךְ רֹאשׁ הַחַי וְיִחְיֶה אֶלָּא הַמָּוֶת בָּא בִּשְׁבִילוֹ. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:

It is permissible to perform an act that is permitted on the Sabbath, despite the fact that it is possible - but it is not an absolute certainty - that, [as a result of one's actions], a forbidden labor will be performed, provided one does not have the intent to perform that labor. What is implied? A person may drag a bed, a chair, a bench and the like [on the ground] on the Sabbath, provided he does not intend to gouge out a groove in the earth while dragging them. Therefore, even if he did gouge out [a groove] in the ground [while dragging them], it is of no consequence, for he did not have this intent in mind. Similarly, a person may tread on grass on the Sabbath, as long as his intent is not to uproot it. Thus, should it be uprooted, that is of no consequence. Also, a person may rub powdered herbs and the like over his hands, provided he does not intend to remove his hair. Therefore, if the hair is removed, it is of no consequence. Based on the same rationale, one may enter a narrow opening on the Sabbath even though, [while doing so,] one causes pieces of the wall to fall. Similarly, it is permissible to perform any act with similar repercussions, provided that one does not have the intent of doing so. [In contrast,] when one performs a deed that results in the performance of a forbidden labor, and it is a certainty that this deed will cause [that labor] to be performed, one is liable even though one did not intend [to perform the forbidden labor]. What is implied? A person needs a fowl's head to serve as a toy for a child, and therefore cuts off the [fowl's] head on the Sabbath; although his ultimate purpose is not merely to slaughter the chicken, he is liable. It is obvious that it is impossible for the head of a living being to be cut off and for that being to survive. Instead, the [fowl's] death came about because of [this activity]. [Therefore, he is liable.] The same applies in other similar situations.

Source 5 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 337

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים של״ז — ד"ה דין כיבוד הבית ודבר שאינו מתכוין

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 337:1

Addresses opening and closing matters where air movement or another physical effect may result, and is relevant background for assessing indirect effects produced by opening a refrigerator door.

דין כיבוד הבית ודבר שאינו מתכוין. ובו ד סעיפים: דבר שאין מתכוין מותר והוא שלא יהא פסיק רישיה הילכך גורר אדם מטה כסא וספסל בין גדולים בין קטנים ובלבד שלא יתכוין לעשות חריץ מותר לרבץ הבית כיון שאינו מתכוין להשוות גומות אלא שלא יעלה האבק:

The Laws of Sweeping the House and Something Done Unintentionally, 4 Seifim: Something that one didn't intend to happen is allowed as long as it is not a definite consequence of the specific action (psik reisha). Therefore, a person may drag a bed, chair, or bench, whether it is big or small, provided that he doesn't intend to make a rut. One is permitted to sprinkle the floor because he does not intend to level the depressions [of the earth floor], rather he just doesn't want the dust to rise.

See also

Source 6 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 277:1-8

שולחן ערוך הרב, אורח חיים ער״ז:א׳-ח׳

Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 277:1-8

Explains the laws of גרמא and indirect causation on Shabbat, providing an Acharonic framework for evaluating a permitted action that may later trigger a prohibited process.

נֵר דּוֹלֵק שֶׁהוּא מֻנָּח קָרוֹב אֶל הַדֶּלֶת (נֶגֶד פְּתִיחַת הַדֶּלֶת מַמָּשׁ), בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁכְּשֶׁיִּפְתְּחוּ הַדֶּלֶת יוּכַל לִכְבּוֹת אִם יְנַשֵּׁב הָרוּחַ מִבַּחוּץ — אָסוּר לִפְתּוֹחַ הַדֶּלֶת כְּנֶגְדּוֹ, שֶׁמָּא יְכַבֶּנּוּ הָרוּחַ. וְאַף שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּן לְכִבּוּי, וְדָבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּן מֻתָּר, מִכָּל מָקוֹם כֵּיוָן שֶׁאִם יְנַשֵּׁב הָרוּחַ אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא יְכַבֶּה, וּ"פְסִיק רֵישֵׁהּ וְלֹא יָמוּת הוּא", לְפִיכָךְ אַף בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאֵין רוּחַ מְנַשֵּׁב בַּחוּץ אָסוּר לְפָתְחָהּ, שֶׁמָּא יַתְחִיל לְנַשֵּׁב מִיָּד שֶׁיַּתְחִיל לִפְתּוֹחַ.

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 318

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים שי״ח — ד"ה כשם שאסור לבשל באור כך אסור

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 318:3

The governing laws of cooking and related Shabbat restrictions provide the practical framework for evaluating actions that may cause a prohibited result, though refrigerator thermostats require later authorities to apply these principles.

כשם שאסור לבשל באור כך אסור לבשל בתולדות האור כגון ליתן ביצה בצד קדרה או לשברה על סודר שהוחם באור כדי שתצלה ואפילו בתולדות חמה כגון בסודר שהוחם בחמה אסור גזרה אטו תולדות האור וכן אסור להטמינה בחול או באבק דרכים שהוחמו מכח חמה אבל בחמה עצמה כגון ליתן ביצה בחמה או ליתן מים בחמה כדי שיוחמו מותר:

3. Just as it is forbidden to cook with fire, it is forbidden to cook with Toldas ha’ur (translation: Items that were on the fire), for example: to roast an egg by placing it beside a pot (hot from the fire), or to crack an egg over a garment heated on the fire. It is even forbidden to cook with Toldas hachama (translation: Items that were heated from the sun), for example: a garment hot from the sun, for fear that one will cook with Toldas ha’ur. It is also forbidden to place (the egg) inside sand or dust heated by the sun, but it is permitted in the sun itself, for example: to heat an egg by placing it in the sun, or to heat water by placing it in the sun.

Source 8 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 314:1-2

שולחן ערוך הרב, אורח חיים שי״ד:א׳-ב׳

Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 314:1-2

Discusses פסיק רישיה and related unintended consequences in practical Shabbat law, relevant to whether thermostat activation is inevitable or merely possible.

וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִתְכַּוֵּן לְנָקְבָהּ נֶקֶב יָפֶה שֶׁיְּהֵא לָהּ לְפֶתַח נָאֶה, שֶׁאִם כֵּן הֲרֵי הוּא מְתַקֵּן כְּלִי, וְחַיָּב מִשּׁוּם "מַכֶּה בַּפַּטִּישׁ", כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר. אֲבָל כְּשֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּן לְכָךְ — מֻתָּר, וְלֹא גָזְרוּ שֶׁמָּא יִתְכַּוֵּן לְכָךְ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁחָבִית הַשְּׁבוּרָה וּדְבוּקָה בְּזֶפֶת הִיא גְרוּעָה בְּעֵינָיו, וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ עָלֶיהָ כְּשֶׁחוֹזֵר וְשׁוֹבְרָהּ לְתַקֵּן לָהּ פֶּתַח נָאֶה.

Source 9 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 337

משנה ברורה של״ז

Mishnah Berurah 337

Clarifies the practical parameters of unintended effects and opening or closing actions on Shabbat, useful as a conceptual companion to the governing laws of refrigerator use.

(א) דבר שאין מתכוין - זה לשון הרמב"ם דברים המותרין לעשותן בשבת ובשעת עשייתן אפשר שתעשה בגללן מלאכה אחרת ואפשר שלא תעשה אם לא נתכוין לאותה מלאכה מותר וכן כונת המחבר: (ב) פסיק רישא - פי' שבודאי תעשה מלאכה האחרת:

See also

Source 10 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 320:18

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים ש״כ:י״ח

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 320:18

A barrel sealed with a flax plug to stop a hole through which wine flows out is permitted by some authorities to have the plug removed even though squeezing is inevitable, provided no vessel is placed underneath to catch the wine, since the person does not benefit from this squeezing and it constitutes a pesik reisha delo nichra lei (an inevitable consequence that brings no benefit); others dispute this and hold that pesik reisha is forbidden regardless of benefit, though the practice is to permit it, and a lenient interpretation may be offered if the tap extends outside the opening and a hand cannot reach the opening (comparable to an opaque covering that blocks direct access), with the caution that no vessel should be placed underneath the barrel when sealing the hole.

חבית שפקקו בפקק של פשתן לסתום נקב שבדפנה שמוציאין בו היין יש מי שמתיר להסירו ואף ע"פ שאי אפשר שלא יסחוט והוא שלא יהא תחתיו כלי דכיון שאינו נהנה בסחיטה זו הוי פסיק רישא [פי' איסור נמשך בהכרח מדבר מה כמו המות הנמשך בהכרח מהתזת הראש] דלא ניחא ליה ומותר וחלקו עליו ואמרו דאע"ג דלא ניחא ליה כיון דפסיק רישא הוא אסור והעולם נוהגים היתר בדבר ויש ללמד עליהם זכות דכיון שהברזא ארוכה חוץ לנעור' ואין יד מגעת לנעור' מותר מידי דהוי אספוג [פי' הערוך ספוג הוא על ראש דג אחד גדול שבים ובשעה שמרים ראשו להסתכל בעולם יורד אותו הספוג על עיניו ואינו רואה כלום ולולי זה לא היתה ספינה ניצולת מפניו] שיש לו בית אחיזה ולפי שאין טענה זו חזקה ויש לגמגם בה טוב להנהיגם שלא יהא כלי תחת החבית בשעה שפוקקים הנקב [וע"ל סי' ש"א עוד מדיני סחיטה]:

Source 11 · Acharonim
Verified

recovered from “Responsa Rabbi Akiva Eiger 8

Teshuvot Rabbi Akiva Eiger

תשובות רבי עקיבא איגר ח׳

Teshuvot Rabbi Akiva Eiger 8

When an action lacks intentional purpose (malachat machshevet), it does not constitute a melacha at all and no transgression occurs, whereas an unintentional transgression of a prohibited act still constitutes a sin for which one is exempt from a sacrifice.

ונ"ל דבר חדש דמה דממעטינן מאשר חטא בה פרט למתעסק, לא דמתעסק לא נעשית העבירה כלל אלא דמקרי עבירה בשוגג, ואך בשוגג כהאי ממעטינן מאשר חטא בה דפטור מקרבן אבל מ"מ מקרי שגגת איסור, אבל מה דממעטינן מטעם דמלאכת מחשבת אסרה תורה היכא דליכא מלאכת מחשבת אינו בכלל מלאכה ולא נעשה העבירה כלל א"כ י"ל דמש"ה נקיט בסוגיין מטעם מלאכת מחשבת היינו די"ל מה דאמרינן לענין נזקין חייב לענין שבת פטור

Source 12 · Modern
External

Iggerot Moshe, Orach Chayim 2:68

אגרות משה, או"ח ב׳:ס״ח

Iggerot Moshe, Orach Chayim 2:68

Rav Moshe Feinstein rules that if one failed to remove an electric light bulb from a refrigerator before Shabbat, it is forbidden to open the door because doing so inevitably turns the light on, which constitutes a pesik reishei that produces a benefit.

הנה כשיש בהמקרר שנקרא פרעזערירער אור עלעקטרי שנדלק בפתיחת דלת המקרר ונכבה בסגירת הדלת ושכחו מליקח את האור משם בערב שבת. ודאי אסור לפתחו שהרי פסיק רישיה הוא שודאי נדלק

On this pageRav Moshe Feinstein rules that if one forgot to disconnect or unscrew the light bulb in a refrigerator before Shabbat, it is forbidden to open the refrigerator because doing so will inevitably turn the light on (constituting a 'pesik reishei' that is beneficial to the user). However, in cases of great need for Shabbat meals, one may ask a non-Jew to open the door, and ideally, one should open the refrigerator while the motor is already running.

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Source 13 · Modern
External

Minchas Shlomo 1:11

מנחת שלמה סי׳ י״א

Minchas Shlomo 1:11

The Chazon Ish holds that turning on electricity on Shabbat constitutes the prohibition of Boneh (building/fixing a vessel) because one establishes the electrical path in its functional state to allow current to flow continuously, similar to fashioning a vessel.

בספר חזו"א (חלק או"ח סי' נ' אות ט') לאחר שמבאר ענין מלאכת מבעיר ומבשל שיש בהדלקת חשמל בשבת כתב אח"כ: "עוד יש בזה משום תיקון מנא כיון שמעמידו על תכונתו לזרום את זרם החשמל בתמידות וקרוב הדבר דזה בונה מה"ת, כעושה כלי, וכש"כ כאן שכל החוטים מחוברים לבית

On this pageThe author begins a discussion on the halachic status of completing an electrical circuit on Shabbat, presenting the novel stringency of the Chazon Ish. According to this view, completing a circuit constitutes the Torah prohibition of 'Boneh' (building/fixing a vessel) because it establishes the functional state of the electrical path, even if no current is actively flowing at the moment of connection. The passage presents correspondence between the author and the Chazon Ish regarding the Shabbat prohibition of completing an electrical circuit. The debate centers on whether operating a switch is considered 'Boneh' (building/fixing a vessel) or if it is permitted as a routine, temporary action designed for constant opening and closing. The author analyzes the Chazon Ish's perspective on closing an electrical circuit on Shabbat. He argues that according to the Chazon Ish, the prohibition of 'Boneh' (building) only applies when an active current immediately begins to flow upon closing the circuit; conversely, closing a circuit when there is no current flowing at that moment (such as when waiting for a timer or thermostat to trigger it later) is not considered 'Boneh'. The passage discusses whether one may unplug a refrigerator while its motor is currently idle, permitting it as a form of indirect action (grama) that does not directly flip a switch or violate muktzeh. It also analyzes the Chazon Ish's view on Shabbat timers, arguing that adjusting or inserting a peg into a Shabbat clock to delay or trigger a future electrical state does not constitute the Shabbat prohibitions of building (boneh) or destroying (soser).

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Source 14 · Modern
External

Tzitz Eliezer 8:12

ציץ אליעזר, ח״ח סי׳ י״ב

Tzitz Eliezer 8:12

The author rules that opening a refrigerator door on Shabbat is permitted at any time, whether the compressor motor is currently running or at rest (with internal light disabled), since the warm air entering and subsequently triggering the thermostat to activate the motor constitutes an indirect effect (grama) rather than direct causation, and contemporary authorities permit this based on lenient factors such as unintentionality (davar she'eino mitkaven), inevitable undesired consequence (psik reishei d'lo nicha lei), or indirect secondary effect.

על ספרי שו״ת ציץ אליעזר ח״ו סי׳ ל״ד ע״ד הקפאת מים במקרר חשמלי בשבת

On this pageThis siman discusses the halachic permissibility of placing water in an electric freezer on Shabbat to make ice, and the general use of electric refrigerators on Shabbat. The author responds to critiques on his previous lenient ruling, analyzing the opinions of Rashi, the Ran, and the Rashba regarding the prohibition of crushing ice (merasek) and whether freezing water violates Shabbat laws such as 'nolad' or Rabbinic prohibitions resembling labor. The author discusses the halachic permissibility of placing water in a refrigerator on Shabbat to freeze it. He defends his previous ruling that this freezing is considered to happen automatically ('נעשה ממילא'), addressing the objection that the electricity powering the appliance is constantly generated by human activity at the power plant. The passage analyzes the halachic implications of opening a refrigerator door on Shabbat, which introduces warm air and eventually triggers the thermostat to activate the motor. It cites various contemporary authorities who permit doing so based on several lenient factors, such as the act being unintentional (davar she'eino mitkaven), an undesired inevitable consequence (psik reishei d'lo nicha lei), or an indirect secondary effect (gerama). The author rules that it is permitted to open a refrigerator door on Shabbat at any time, whether the compressor motor is currently running or at rest (provided any internal light bulb has been disabled). He argues that the warm air entering the refrigerator and subsequently triggering the thermostat to run the motor is an indirect effect (grama) rather than a direct act of translation or ignition.

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Source 15 · Modern
External

Minchas Yitzchak 2:16

מנחת יצחק, ח״ב סי׳ ט״ז

Minchas Yitzchak 2:16

The author examines whether opening a refrigerator door on Shabbos is permissible when no electric light is activated by the door's opening, analyzing the halachic status of the indirect triggering of the compressor motor through the thermostat via warm air entering the refrigerator.

הנני בזה ע"ד אשר עוררני לברר נדון פתיחת דלת המקרר בשבת - ובאותו שאין שם נר אלקטרי שנדלק בעת פתיחת הדלת

On this pageThe author discusses the halachic permissibility of opening an electric refrigerator door on Shabbos when there is no light bulb activated by the door. The primary issue analyzed is that opening the door allows warm air to enter, which triggers the thermostat to turn on the compressor motor sooner than it would have otherwise. He explores whether this indirect activation (grama) of the appliance constitutes a violation of Shabbos laws.

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Source 16 · Modern
External

Minchas Shlomo 1:10

מנחת שלמה סי׳ י׳

Minchas Shlomo 1:10

When the refrigerator is operating, opening the door is certainly permitted; if opening an idle refrigerator is prohibited, then a refrigerator that was idle at twilight should be forbidden to open throughout Shabbat under the rule of migo d'itkatzai.

א. בפתיחת דלת המקרר, בשעה שהמקרר עובד, ודאי אין שום איסור. ב. אם יש איסור בפתיחת מקרר בשעה שהוא שובת, לכאורה כששבת בין השמשות, יש לאסור את הפתיחה כל השבת, משום "מגו דאתקצאי".

On this pageThis section begins a comprehensive halakhic and technical analysis of opening an electric refrigerator on Shabbat. It explains the thermodynamic operation of refrigerator cooling systems and outlines the core arguments regarding whether opening the door is permitted while the motor is running, and whether a refrigerator that was idle at twilight (bein hashmashot) becomes muktzeh for the entire Shabbat under the rule of migo d'itkatzai.

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Source 17 · Modern
External

פתיחת מקרר בשבת

רבבות אפרים, ח״ז סי׳ ק״ו

Revavos Ephraim 7:106

The author rules that one may not open a refrigerator on Shabbat when there is doubt whether a lightbulb inside will turn on, because doubts concerning Shabbat prohibitions must be decided stringently.

במה שדנתי בשיעור בפתיחת מקרר חשמלי בשבת שיש ספק אם יש בתוכו מנורה שנדלק ע"י פתיחתו, דאי יש מנורה הו"ל פסיק רישיה ואם ספק אם כן יתכן דיכול לפתוח, וטענתי דג"כ בספק לא יפתח כי אם יש לו ספק או ספיקא דשבת ולחומרא

On this pageThe author discusses whether one may open a refrigerator on Shabbat when there is a doubt (safek) if a lightbulb will turn on inside. He rules stringently, arguing that even in a case of doubt one should not open the refrigerator because doubts concerning Shabbat restrictions should be decided stringently.

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Source 18 · Modern
External

Minchas Yitzchak 3:137

מנחת יצחק, ח״ג סי׳ קל״ז

Minchas Yitzchak 3:137

A halachic question is raised regarding whether one may draw water from a boiler on Shabbos when doing so causes the gas flame beneath it to automatically extinguish, with the question framed in terms of whether this constitutes indirect extinguishment (grom kibui).

ונתעוררה השאלה, אם מותר להסתפק מהמים שבדוד, אחרי שעי"ז גורמים להכבוי של הגז, והשאלה נחלקת לשתים. א' אם מותר להשתמש בהדוד כדרכו, ולקחת מהמים, אף שיכבה הגז בסוף, בשבת, משום דל"ה אלא גרם כיבוי

On this pageThe author begins addressing a halachic query regarding a hot water boiler used in a yeshiva on Shabbos. When water is drawn from the boiler and the level drops, a mechanism automatically extinguishes the gas flame beneath it to prevent damage; the author discusses whether drawing water in this manner is permissible on Shabbos under the rubric of causing indirect extinguishment (grom kibui).

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Related sources· 11 found, not yet verifiedSign in to verify
  • א. בפתיחת דלת המקרר, בשעה שהמקרר עובד, ודאי אין שום איסור. ב. אם יש איסור בפתיחת מקרר בשעה שהוא שובת, לכאורה כששבת בין השמשות, יש לאסור את הפתיחה כל השבת, משום "מגו דאתקצאי".

    Same passage as Minchas Shlomo 1:10

  • הנה כשיש בהמקרר שנקרא פרעזערירער אור עלעקטרי שנדלק בפתיחת דלת המקרר ונכבה בסגירת הדלת ושכחו מליקח את האור משם בערב שבת. ודאי אסור לפתחו שהרי פסיק רישיה הוא שודאי נדלק

    Same passage as Iggerot Moshe, Orach Chayim 2:68

  • Filed under: Refrigerators on Shabbos

    א. בפתיחת דלת המקרר, בשעה שהמקרר עובד, ודאי אין שום איסור. ב. אם יש איסור בפתיחת מקרר בשעה שהוא שובת, לכאורה כששבת בין השמשות, יש לאסור את הפתיחה כל השבת, משום "מגו דאתקצאי".

    Same passage as Minchas Shlomo 1:10

  • אבל אם בידיו עשה המלאכה קודם השבת והמלאכה נגמרה מאליה בשבת - מותר, (ירושלמי פרק א' הלכה ה') כגון שנותן פת לתנור מבעוד יום או בשר בקדירה לבשל, וגמר האפייה והבישול עד שיהא ראוי לאכול צריך לזה ג' שעות, ונמצא שהגמר יהיה בשבת - מכל מקום מותר, כיון שמעצמה נעשית והוא אינו עושה כלום. ולכן מותר להתחיל במלאכה בערב שבת סמוך לחשיכה, אף על פי שאין יכול לגומרה מבעוד יום ונגמרת מאליה בשבת, כגון לשרות דיו וסממנים במים, והם נשרים כל השבת, ולתת אגודות של פשתן לתנור כדי שיתלבנו, וליבון הוא מאבות מלאכות, וכן פשתן שהעלה מן המשרה ונותנה באור לייבשו, ויש בו איסור בישול.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

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