Halachaהלכה

Maimonides on Rabbinic Decrees

Sources explore the Rambam's treatment of divrei sofrim—rabbinic laws and protective enactments—as binding obligations within the halakhic system. The sources illustrate how rabbinic legislation functions as authoritative specification and reinforcement of Torah law across areas including blessings, Shabbat observance, and daily practice.

לַעֲשׂוֹת סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה

10 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The Rambam grounds rabbinic authority in a Torah-level obligation: Mishneh Torah, Mamrim 1:1-2 establishes that the Supreme Sanhedrin is "the essence of the Oral Law" and that anyone who believes in Moses is commanded to follow their rulings, deriving both a positive commandment and a negative prohibition from Devarim 17:11 — making disobedience to divrei sofrim itself a biblical violation.

Mishneh Torah, Transmission of the Oral Law 1:1-3 explains that the content of divrei sofrim encompasses rabbinic fences, customs, and ordinances issued by the court of each generation, all rooted in the Mosaic teaching of Vayikra 18:30 — "make safeguards for My precepts" — and equally governed by the Devarim 17:11 prohibition against deviation.

A concrete illustration of this framework appears in Mishneh Torah, Blessings 1:1-4, where the Rambam carefully distinguishes the Torah obligation to recite Grace after a full meal from the rabbinic ordinance — explicitly labeled מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים — to recite blessings before any food and after even an olive's worth of bread.

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3 41 adds the philosophical rationale: because the Torah's judgments sometimes require extension and sometimes curtailment across different times and circumstances, God prohibited private addition or subtraction while simultaneously authorizing the great court of each generation to enact fences that protect and perpetuate the Law's observance.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Eruvin 21b

עירובין כ״א ב — ד"ה אֲמַר לֵיהּ

Eruvin 21b:7

Rava interprets Ecclesiastes 12:12 to teach that one must be more careful to fulfill the words of the Sages than the words of the Torah, since transgression of the Sages' decrees is punishable by death while violation of many Torah commandments incurs only lashes.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְכִי תּוֹרָה פְּעָמִים פְּעָמִים נִיתְּנָה? אֶלָּא — הַלָּלוּ מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, וְהַלָּלוּ מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. דָּרֵשׁ רָבָא, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״וְיוֹתֵר מֵהֵמָּה בְּנִי הִזָּהֵר עֲשׂוֹת סְפָרִים הַרְבֵּה וְגוֹ׳״ — בְּנִי, הִזָּהֵר בְּדִבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים יוֹתֵר מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה. שֶׁדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה יֵשׁ בָּהֶן עֲשֵׂה וְלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה. וְדִבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים — כׇּל הָעוֹבֵר עַל דִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים חַיָּיב מִיתָה.

Rav Ḥisda said to him: This cannot be so, for was the Torah given on two separate occasions, i.e., were the more lenient and more stringent mitzvot given separately? Rather, these, the old, are mitzvot from the Torah, and these, the new, are from the Sages. Rava expounded another verse in similar fashion: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And more than these, my son, be careful: of making many books [sefarim] there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the flesh” (Ecclesiastes 12:12)? My son, be careful to fulfill the words of the Sages [soferim] even more than the words of the Torah. For the words of the Torah include positive and negative commandments, and even with regard to the negative commandments, the violation of many of them is punishable only by lashes. Whereas with respect to the words of the Sages, anyone who transgresses the words of the Sages is liable to receive the death penalty, as it is stated: “And whoever breaches through a hedge, a snake shall bite him” (Ecclesiastes 10:8), taking hedges to refer metaphorically to decrees.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Rosh Hashanah 19a

ראש השנה י״ט א — ד"ה דְּתַנְיָא

Rosh Hashanah 19a:3

A baraita teaches that days listed in Megillat Ta'anit are rabbinic laws (divrei sofrim) that require reinforcement, so fasting is prohibited on those days themselves and on the days before and after them, whereas Shabbatot and Festivals are Torah laws that do not require reinforcement, so fasting is only prohibited on the days themselves but permitted on the days before and after them.

דְּתַנְיָא: הַיָּמִים הָאֵלֶּה הַכְּתוּבִין בִּמְגִילַּת תַּעֲנִית אֲסוּרִין, בֵּין לִפְנֵיהֶם בֵּין לְאַחֲרֵיהֶם. שַׁבָּתוֹת וְיָמִים טוֹבִים — הֵם אֲסוּרִים, לִפְנֵיהֶן וּלְאַחֲרֵיהֶן מוּתָּרִין. מָה הֶפְרֵשׁ בֵּין זֶה לָזֶה? הַלָּלוּ דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, וְאֵין דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה צְרִיכִין חִיזּוּק. הַלָּלוּ דִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים, וְדִבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים צְרִיכִין חִיזּוּק.

As it is taught in a baraita: These days that are written in Megillat Ta’anit are days on which fasting is prohibited, as are both the day before them and the day after them. With regard to Shabbatot and Festivals, fasting on them is forbidden, but on the day before them and the day after them fasting is permitted. What is the difference between this class of days and that class of days? These days, Shabbatot and Festivals, are by Torah law, and Torah laws do not need reinforcement, and therefore even if a fast day were decreed on the day before or after them, the Festival itself would not be nullified; whereas those days mentioned in Megillat Ta’anit are by rabbinic law, and rabbinic laws need reinforcement, and therefore fasting is prohibited even on the day before and the day after.

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Mishneh Torah, Rebellion 1:1-2

Mishneh Torah, Rebels 1:1-2

משנה תורה, הלכות ממרים א׳:א׳-ב׳

Mishneh Torah, Mamrim 1:1-2

Rambam discusses the authority of the Great Court and the consequences for one who rejects their rulings. This is one of the clearest practical places where he treats rabbinic law as fully binding, even when it is not explicit biblical law.

בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבִּירוּשָׁלַיִם הֵם עִקַּר תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. וְהֵם עַמּוּדֵי הַהוֹרָאָה וּמֵהֶם חֹק וּמִשְׁפָּט יוֹצֵא לְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל. וַעֲלֵיהֶן הִבְטִיחָה תּוֹרָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז יא) "עַל פִּי הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר יוֹרוּךָ" זוֹ מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה. וְכָל הַמַּאֲמִין בְּמשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ וּבְתוֹרָתוֹ חַיָּב לִסְמֹךְ מַעֲשֵׂה הַדָּת עֲלֵיהֶן וְלִשָּׁעֵן עֲלֵיהֶן: כָּל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה כְּהוֹרָאָתָן עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז יא) "לֹא תָסוּר מִכָּל הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יַגִּידוּ לְךָ יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל". וְאֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו זֶה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּתָּן לְאַזְהָרַת מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין. שֶׁכָּל חָכָם שֶׁמּוֹרֶה עַל דִּבְרֵיהֶם מִיתָתוֹ בְּחֶנֶק שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז יב) "וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה בְזָדוֹן" וְגוֹ'. אֶחָד דְּבָרִים שֶׁלָּמְדוּ אוֹתָן מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה וְהֵם תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. וְאֶחָד דְּבָרִים שֶׁלְּמַּדוּם מִפִּי דַּעְתָּם בְּאַחַת מִן הַמִּדּוֹת שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה נִדְרֶשֶׁת בָּהֶן וְנִרְאָה בְּעֵינֵיהֶם שֶׁדָּבָר זֶה כָּךְ הוּא. וְאֶחָד דְּבָרִים שֶׁעֲשָׂאוּם סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה וּלְפִי מַה שֶּׁהַשָּׁעָה צְרִיכָה וְהֵן הַגְּזֵרוֹת וְהַתַּקָּנוֹת וְהַמִּנְהָגוֹת. כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מֵאֵלּוּ הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לִשְׁמֹעַ לָהֶן. וְהָעוֹבֵר עַל כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה. הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים יז יא) "עַל פִּי הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר יוֹרוּךָ" אֵלּוּ הַתַּקָּנוֹת וְהַגְּזֵרוֹת וְהַמִּנְהָגוֹת שֶׁיּוֹרוּ בָּהֶם לָרַבִּים כְּדֵי לְחַזֵּק הַדָּת וּלְתַקֵּן הָעוֹלָם. וְעַל הַמִּשְׁפָּט אֲשֶׁר יֹאמְרוּ אֵלּוּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁיִּלְמְדוּ אוֹתָן מִן הַדִּין בְּאַחַת מִן הַמִּדּוֹת שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה נִדְרֶשֶׁת בָּהֶן. מִכָּל הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יַגִּידוּ לְךָ זוֹ הַקַּבָּלָה שֶׁקִּבְּלוּ אִישׁ מִפִּי אִישׁ:

The Supreme Sanhedrin in Jerusalem are the essence of the Oral Law. They are the pillars of instruction from whom statutes and judgments issue forth for the entire Jewish people. Concerning them, the Torah promises Deuteronomy 17:11: "You shall do according to the laws which they shall instruct you...." This is a positive commandment. Whoever believes in Moses and in his Torah is obligated to make all of his religious acts dependent on this court and to rely on them. Any person who does not carry out their directives transgresses a negative commandment, as Ibid. continues: "Do not deviate from any of the statements they relate to you, neither right nor left." Lashes are not given for the violation of this prohibition, because it also serves as a warning for a transgression punishable by execution by the court. For when a sage rebels against the words of the court, he should be executed by strangulation, as the following verse states: "A person who will act deliberately...." We are obligated to heed their words whether they: a) learned them from the Oral Tradition, i.e., the Oral Law, b) derived them on the basis of their own knowledge through one of the attributes of Biblical exegesis and it appeared to them that this is the correct interpretation of the matter, c) instituted the matter as a safeguard for the Torah, as was necessary at a specific time. These are the decrees, edicts, and customs instituted by the Sages. It is a positive commandment to heed the court with regard to each of these three matters. A person who transgresses any of these types of directives transgresses a negative commandment. This is derived from the continuation of the above verse in the following manner: "According to the laws which they shall instruct you" - this refers to the edicts, decrees, and customs which they instruct people at large to observe to strengthen the faith and perfect the world. "According to the judgment which they relate" - this refers to the matters which they derive through logical analysis employing one of the methods of Biblical exegesis. "From all things that they will tell you" - This refers to the tradition which they received one person from another.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Transmission of the Oral Law 1:1-3

משנה תורה, מסירת תורה שבעל פה

Mishneh Torah, Transmission of the Oral Law 1:1-3

Rambam lays out the chain of transmission from Moshe to the Sages and explains how Oral Torah was preserved and clarified. This is a key entry point for his view that later rabbinic interpretation and legislation function within a transmitted system rather than as independent revelation.

גַּם יִתְבָּאַר מֵהֶם דְּבָרִים שֶׁגָּזְרוּ חֲכָמִים וּנְבִיאִים שֶׁבְּכָל דּוֹר וָדוֹר, לַעֲשׂוֹת סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁשָּׁמְעוּ מִמֹּשֶׁה בְּפֵרוּשׁ "וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־מִשְׁמַרְתִּי" (ויקרא יח, ל), שֶׁאָמַר עֲשׂוּ מִשְׁמֶרֶת לְמִשְׁמַרְתִּי. וְכֵן יִתְבָּאַר מֵהֶם הַמִּנְהָגוֹת וְהַתַּקָּנוֹת שֶׁהִתְקִינוּ אוֹ שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ בְּכָל דּוֹר וָדוֹר, כְּמוֹ שֶׁרָאוּ בֵּית דִּין שֶׁלְּאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר, לְפִי שֶׁאָסוּר לָסוּר מֵהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמָר "לֹא תָסוּר, מִכָּל הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר־יַגִּידוּ לְךָ – יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל" (ראה דברים יז, יא). וְכֵן מִשְׁפָּטִים וְדִינִין פִּלְאִיִּים שֶׁלֹּא קִבְּלוּ אוֹתָן מִמֹּשֶׁה, וְדָנוּ בָּהֶן בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁלְּאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר בַּמִּדּוֹת שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה נִדְרֶשֶׁת בָּהֶן, וּפָסְקוּ אוֹתָן הַזְּקֵנִים, וְגָמְרוּ שֶׁהַדִּין כָּךְ הוּא. הַכֹּל חִבַּר רָב אַשֵׁי בַּתַּלְמוּד, מִיְּמוֹת מֹשֶׁה וְעַד יָמָיו.

Also, [the sources mentioned above] relate those matters which were decreed by the sages and prophets in each generation in order to "build a fence around the Torah." We were explicitly taught about [this practice] by Moses, as [implied by Leviticus 18:30]: "And you shall observe My precepts," [which can be interpreted to mean]: "Make safeguards for My precepts." Similarly, it includes the customs and ordinances that were ordained or practiced in each generation according to [the judgment of] the governing court of that generation. It is forbidden to deviate from [these decisions], as [implied by Deuteronomy 17:11]: "Do not deviate from the instructions that they will give you, left or right." It also includes marvelous judgments and laws which were not received from Moses, but rather were derived by the courts of the [later] generations based on the principles of Biblical exegesis. The elders of those generations made these decisions and concluded that this was the law. Rav Ashi included in the Talmud this entire [body of knowledge, stemming] from the era of Moses, our teacher, until his [own] era.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 24:13-17

משנה תורה, הלכות שבת כ״ד:י״ג-י״ז

Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 24:13-17

Rambam explains rabbinic prohibitions and protective enactments around Shabbat. This passage is especially useful for seeing the scope of divrei sofrim as legal authority in everyday observance.

וְעוֹד כְּשֶׁיְּבַקֵּר וִיטַלְטֵל כֵּלִים שֶׁמְּלַאכְתָּן לְאִסּוּר אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּתְעַסֵּק בָּהֶן מְעַט וְיָבֹא לִידֵי מְלָאכָה. וְעוֹד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמִּקְצָת הָעָם אֵינָם בַּעֲלֵי אֻמָּנֻיּוֹת אֶלָּא בְּטֵלִין כָּל יְמֵיהֶן כְּגוֹן הַטַּיָּלִין וְיוֹשְׁבֵי קְרָנוֹת שֶׁכָּל יְמֵיהֶן הֵן שׁוֹבְתִים מִמְּלָאכָה וְאִם יִהְיֶה מֻתָּר לְהַלֵּךְ וּלְדַבֵּר וּלְטַלְטֵל כִּשְׁאָר הַיָּמִים נִמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא שָׁבַת שְׁבִיתָה הַנִּכֶּרֶת. לְפִיכָךְ שְׁבִיתָה מִדְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ הִיא שְׁבִיתָה הַשָּׁוָה בְּכָל אָדָם. וּמִפְּנֵי דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ נָגְעוּ בְּאִסּוּר הַטִּלְטוּל. וְאָסְרוּ שֶׁלֹּא יְטַלְטֵל אָדָם בְּשַׁבָּת אֶלָּא כֵּלִים הַצָּרִיךְ לָהֶם כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר:

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Blessings 1:1-4

משנה תורה, הלכות ברכות א׳:א׳-ד׳

Mishneh Torah, Blessings 1:1-4

Rambam classifies many berakhot and related enactments as rabbinic obligations. The passage is a good window into his treatment of rabbinic legislation as obligatory law with its own framework and sanctions.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה מִן הַתּוֹרָה לְבָרֵךְ אַחַר אֲכִילַת מָזוֹן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ח י) ״וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבֵרַכְתָּ אֶת יְיָ׳‎ אֱלֹהֶיךָ״. וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב מִן הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן שָׂבַע שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבֵרַכְתָּ. וּמִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים אָכַל אֲפִלּוּ כְּזַיִת מְבָרֵךְ אַחֲרָיו: וּמִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים לְבָרֵךְ עַל כָּל מַאֲכָל תְּחִלָּה וְאַחַר כָּךְ יֵהָנֶה מִמֶּנּוּ. וַאֲפִלּוּ נִתְכַּוֵּן לֶאֱכל אוֹ לִשְׁתּוֹת כָּל שֶׁהוּא מְבָרֵךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ יֵהָנֶה. וְכֵן אִם הֵרִיחַ רֵיחַ טוֹב מְבָרֵךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ יֵהָנֶה מִמֶּנּוּ. וְכָל הַנֶּהֱנֶה בְּלֹא בְּרָכָה מָעַל. וְכֵן מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים לְבָרֵךְ אַחַר כָּל מַה שֶּׁיֹּאכַל וְכָל מַה שֶּׁיִּשְׁתֶּה. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּשְׁתֶּה רְבִיעִית וְהוּא שֶׁיֹּאכַל כְּזַיִת. וּמַטְעֶמֶת אֵינָהּ צְרִיכָה בְּרָכָה לֹא לְפָנֶיהָ וְלֹא לְאַחֲרֶיהָ עַד רְבִיעִית:

It is a positive mitzvah from the Torah to bless [God] after eating satisfying food, as [Deuteronomy 8:10] states: "When you have eaten and are satiated, you shall bless God, your Lord." The Torah itself requires a person to recite grace only when he eats to the point of satiation, as implied by the above verse, "When you have eaten and are satiated, you shall bless...." The Sages, however, ordained that one should recite grace after eating [an amount of bread equal] to the size of an olive. Similarly, the Rabbis ordained that we recite blessings before partaking of any food. Even when one wants to eat the slightest amount of food or drink, one should recite a blessing, and then derive benefit from it. Similarly, when smelling a pleasant fragrance, one should recite a blessing and then smell. Anyone who derives benefit [from this world] without reciting a blessing is considered as if he misappropriated a sacred article. The Rabbis also ordained that one should recite a blessing after eating or drinking, provided one drinks a revi'it and eats a k'zayit. A person who [merely] tastes food is not required to recite a blessing before partaking of it or afterwards unless he partakes of a revi'it.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Reading the Shema 1:1-3

משנה תורה, הלכות קריאת שמע א׳:א׳-ג׳

Mishneh Torah, Reading the Shema 1:1-3

Rambam opens by distinguishing the biblical command of Shema from the rabbinic details that shape its performance. This can illustrate how divrei sofrim operate as authoritative specifications around a Torah obligation.

וּמַה הוּא קוֹרֵא, שְׁלֹשָׁה פָּרָשִׁיּוֹת. אֵלּוּ הֵן (דברים ו ד) ״שְׁמַע״ (דברים יא יג) ״וְהָיָה אִם שָׁמֹעַ״ (במדבר טו לז) ״וַיֹּאמֶר״. וּמַקְדִּימִין לִקְרוֹת פָּרָשַׁת שְׁמַע מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ יִחוּד הַשֵּׁם וְאַהֲבָתוֹ וְתַלְמוּדוֹ שֶׁהוּא הָעִקָּר הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁהַכּל תָּלוּי בּוֹ. וְאַחֲרֶיהָ וְהָיָה אִם שָׁמֹעַ שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ צִוּוּי עַל (זְכִירַת) שְׁאָר כָּל הַמִּצְוֹת. וְאַחַר כָּךְ פָּרָשַׁת (במדבר טו לח) ״צִיצִית״ שֶׁגַּם הִיא יֵשׁ בָּהּ צִוּוּי זְכִירַת כָּל הַמִּצְוֹת: אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין מִצְוַת צִיצִית נוֹהֶגֶת בַּלַּיְלָה קוֹרְאִין אוֹתָהּ בַּלַּיְלָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ זִכְרוֹן יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם וּמִצְוָה לְהַזְכִּיר יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם בַּיּוֹם וּבַלַּיְלָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים טז ג) ״לְמַעַן תִּזְכֹּר אֶת יוֹם צֵאתְךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם כּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ״. וּקְרִיאַת שָׁלֹשׁ פָּרָשִׁיּוֹת אֵלּוּ עַל סֵדֶר זֶה הִיא הַנִּקְרֵאת קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע:

And what is it that one recites? These three sections: "Hear O Israel..." (Deuteronomy 6:4-9), "And if you will listen..." (Deuteronomy 11:13-21),and "And God said..." (Numbers 15:37-41). We begin with the section of "Hear O Israel" since it contains [the concept of] the unity of God, [the commandment of] loving Him and the study of Torah, it being a fundamental principle upon which everything is based. After it, [we read] "And if you will listen...," since it contains the imperative to fulfill the rest of the commandments, and finally the portion of tzitzit, since it also contains the imperative of remembering all the commandments. The commandment of tzitzit is not obligatory at night. Nevertheless, we recite [the section describing] it at night because it contains mention of the exodus from Egypt. We are commanded to mention the exodus both during the day and at night as [Deuteronomy 16:3] states: "In order that you shall remember the day of your leaving the land of Egypt all the days of your life." Reading these three sections in this order constitutes the recitation of the Shema.

Source 8 · Rishonim
Verified

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3 41

מורה נבוכים, חלק ג' מ״א — ד"ה סמכות ההוראה והחריגה ממנה 18 בכלל

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3 41:16

Rambam addresses the reasons for commandments and the practical purposes they serve. This is relevant to understanding divrei sofrim as rational, system-preserving enactments within the halakhic order.

סמכות ההוראה והחריגה ממנה 18 בכלל זה, מה שקשור לזקן ממרא. קיבעון) אומַר שכיוון שה' יתעלה ידע שדיני התורה הזאת נצרכים לתוספת בחלקם או לגירעון מחלקם בכל זמן וזמן, בהתאם לשוני במקומות ובמקרים ובנסיבות המצבים (החברתיים) – אסר להוסיף ולגרוע ואמר: "לֹא תֹסֵף עָלָיו וְלֹא תִגְרַע מִמֶּנּוּ" (דברים יג,א). כי זה מוביל א) לקלקול חוקי התורה ב) ולכך שיאמינו שאין היא מאת ה'. תקנות) ועם זאת התיר לחכמי כל דור, כלומר בית דין הגדול, לעשות סייגים כדי לייצב את דיני התורה האלה בדברים שיחדשו בדרך של סתימת פרצות, ולהנציח את הסייגים האלה, כמו שאמרו: "ועשו סייג לתורה" (משנה אבות א,א). ביטולים) וכן הותר להם גם לבטל חלק ממעשי התורה, או להתיר חלק מאיסוריה, בנסיבות מסוימות ובהתאם למקרה מסוים ומבלי שהדבר יונצח, כמו שביארנו בהקדמת פירוש המשנה על הוראת שעה (מהד' קאפח, עמ' יא-יג). מטרה והגבלות) בהנהגה הזאת תתמיד התורה להיות אחת, ויתנהגו בכל זמן ובכל מקרה בהתאם לו. אילו היה עיון חלקי זה מסור לכל אחד מן החכמים – היו האנשים אובדים בריבוי המחלוקות והתפצלות השיטות. על כן אסר יתעלה על שאר החכמים פרט לבית דין הגדול בלבד להתעסק בכך, וציווה להרוג את מי שיחלוק עליהם. כי אם יחלוק עליהם כל מעיין – תבטל המטרה המבוקשת ותתבטל התועלת.

God knew that the judgments of the Law will always require an extension in some cases and curtailment in others, according to the variety of places, events, and circumstances. He therefore cautioned against such increase and diminution, and commanded, “Thou shalt not add thereto nor diminish from it” (Deut. 13:1); for constant changes would tend to disturb the whole system of the Law, and would lead people to believe that the Law is not of Divine origin. But permission is at the same time given to the wise men, i.e., the great court (Synhedrion) of every generation to make fences round the judgments of the Law for their protection, and to introduce bye-laws (fences) in order to ensure the keeping of the Law. Such fences once erected remain in force for ever. The Mishnah therefore teaches: “And make a fence round the Law” (Abot 1:1). In the same manner they have the power temporarily to dispense with some religious act prescribed in the Law, or to allow that which is forbidden, if exceptional circumstances and events require it; but none of the laws can be abrogated permanently, as has been explained by us in the Introduction to the Commentary on the Mishnah in treating of temporary legislation. By this method the Law will remain perpetually the same, and will yet admit at all times and under an circumstances such temporary modifications as are indispensable. If every scholar had the power to make such modifications, the multitude of disputes and differences of opinion would have produced an injurious effect. Therefore it was commanded that of the Sages only the great Synhedrion, and none else, should have this power; and whoever would oppose their decision should be killed. For if any critic were allowed to dispute the decision of the Synhedrion, the object of this law would not be attained; it would be useless.

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3 49

מורה נבוכים, חלק ג' מ״ט — ד"ה חתימה כללית

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3 49:25

Most precepts and statutes serve to distance people from idolatry; many whose reasons are hidden likely serve this purpose as well, and though the author cannot explain every detail, if the particulars of ancient Sabean practices were fully known, the wisdom behind the sacrificial laws, impurity laws, and others would become clear—for all such laws aim to uproot false beliefs and useless practices that have long been obsolete and that turned people's minds away from intellectual inquiry and beneficial action.

חתימה כללית: רוב המצוות נועדו להרחקה מעבודה זרה 32 ורוב החֻקים שטעמם נסתר אינם אלא להרחקה מעבודה זרה. והפרטים האלה שנסתר ממני טעמם ואינני יודע מה תועלתם – הסיבה לכך היא א) שהדברים הנשמעים אינם כדברים הנראים, ולכן אותה מידה שידעתי אני משיטות הצאבים ממה ששמעתי מן הספרים אינה כמו מה שידע ממראה עיניים מי שראה את מעשיהם; ב) מה גם שאותן דעות כבר נמחו לפני אלפיים שנה או יותר. אילו ידענו את פרטי אותם מעשים ושמענו את פירוט אותן דעות, היה מובן לנו אופן החכמה בפרטי מעשי הקרבנות והטמאות וכיוצא בהן ממה שלא עלה בידי לתת לו טעם. העיקרון) כי אין לי ספק שכל זה לא נועד אלא למחות מן הדעת את הדעות השגויות הללו, ולבטל את המעשים חסרי התועלת הללו שכילו את החיים בתוהו והבל. אותן דעות מנעו מהמחשבה האנושית מלחקור על תפיסת מושכלות או מלעשות דבר מועיל, כמו שביארו לנו נביאינו ואמרו: א) "וְאַחֲרֵי הַתֹּהוּ אֲשֶׁר לֹא יוֹעִילוּ הָלָכוּ" (בשילוב: שמואל־א יב,כא; ירמיהו ב,ח), ב) ואמר ירמיה: "[ה' עֻזִּי וּמָעֻזִּי וּמְנוּסִי בְּיוֹם צָרָה, אֵלֶיךָ גּוֹיִם יָבֹאוּ מֵאַפְסֵי אָרֶץ וְיֹאמְרוּ:] אַךְ שֶׁקֶר נָחֲלוּ אֲבוֹתֵינוּ, הֶבֶל וְאֵין בָּם מוֹעִיל" (ירמיהו טז,יט). התבונן מה רב שיעורו של קלקול זה, והאם הוא דבר המצריך להתאמץ במיגורו או לא. הרי שרוב המצוות, כמו שביארנו, נועדו רק למיגור הדעות הללו, ולהקלת מעשי הטורח הגדולים והמייגעים והעמל והיגע שהטילו הללו לעבודת אליליהם. אם כן כל ציווי או איסור בתורה שטעמו נסתר ממך – אינו אלא ריפוי חולי מאותם חוליים שאיננו יודעים אותם היום, תודה לאל. זה מה שמאמין מי שיש לו שלמות, ועומד על אמיתת דבריו יתעלה: "לֹא אָמַרְתִּי לְזֶרַע יַעֲקֹב תֹּהוּ בַקְּשׁוּנִי" (ישעיהו מה,יט). 33 הרי סיימתי את כל המצוות הפרטיות שכוללות קבוצות אלה, והערנו על טעמיהן. ולא נשאר מהן מה שלא נתתי טעם אלא מצוות אחדות ופרטים מעטים, אף על פי שבאמת כבר הטעמנו עקרונית גם אותם, למתבונן הנבון.

Most of the “statutes” (ḥukkim), the reason of which is unknown to us serve as a fence against idolatry. That I cannot explain some details of the above laws or show their use is owing to the fact that what we hear from others is not so clear as that which we see with our own eyes. Thus my knowledge of the Sabean doctrines, which I derived from books, is not as complete as the knowledge of those who have witnessed the public practice of those idolatrous customs, especially as they have been out of practice and entirely extinct since two thousand years. If we knew all the particulars of the Sabean worship, and were informed of all the details of those doctrines, we would clearly see the reason and wisdom of every detail in the sacrificial service, in the laws concerning things that are unclean, and in other laws, the object of which I am unable to state. I have no doubt that all these laws served to blot out wrong principles from man’s heart, and to exterminate the practices which are useless, and merely a waste of time in vain and purposeless things. Those principles have turned the mind of the people away from intellectual research and useful actions. Our prophets therefore describe the ways of the idolaters as follows: “(They go) after vain things which cannot profit nor deliver; for they are vain” (1 Sam. 12:21); “Surely our fathers have inherited lies, vanity and things wherein there is no profit” (Jer. 16:19). Consider how great the evil consequences of idolatry are, and say whether we ought with all our power to oppose it or not! Most of the precepts serve, as has been stated by us, as a mere fence against those doctrines [of idolatry], and relieve man from the great and heavy burdens, from the pains and inflictions which formed part of the worship of idols. Every positive or negative precept, the reason of which is unknown to thee, take as a remedy against some of those diseases with which we are unacquainted at present, thank God. This should be the belief of educated men who know the true meaning of the following divine dictum: “I said not unto the seed of Jacob, Seek me in vain” (Isa. 45:19). I have now mentioned all the commandments of these fourteen classes one by one, and pointed out the reason of each of them, with the exception of a few for which I was unable to give the reason, and of some details of less importance; but implicitly we have given the reason even of these, and every intelligent reader will easily find it. The reasons of the Precepts are now complete.

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Torah Study 1:1-12

משנה תורה, הלכות תלמוד תורה א׳:א׳-י״ב

Mishneh Torah, Torah Study 1:1-12

Teaching the written Torah for payment is permitted where customary, but teaching the Oral Law for payment is forbidden—though one may pay for instruction if no free teacher is available—and one may never charge others to teach Torah even if one's own teacher charged.

הָיָה מִנְהַג הַמְּדִינָה לִקַּח מְלַמֵּד הַתִּינוֹקוֹת שָׂכָר נוֹתֵן לוֹ שְׂכָרוֹ. וְחַיָּב לְלַמְּדוֹ בְּשָׂכָר עַד שֶׁיִּקְרָא תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב כֻּלָּהּ. מָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לְלַמֵּד תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב בְּשָׂכָר מֻתָּר לְלַמֵּד בְּשָׂכָר. אֲבָל תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה אָסוּר לְלַמְּדָהּ בְּשָׂכָר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד ה) "רְאֵה לִמַּדְתִּי אֶתְכֶם חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוַּנִי ה'" וְגוֹ' מָה אֲנִי בְּחִנָּם לָמַדְתִּי אַף אַתֶּם לְמַדְתֶּם בְּחִנָּם מִמֶּנִּי וְכֵן כְּשֶׁתְּלַמְּדוּ לְדוֹרוֹת לַמְּדוּ בְּחִנָּם כְּמוֹ שֶׁלְּמַדְתֶּם מִמֶּנִּי. לֹא מָצָא מִי שֶׁיְּלַמְּדוֹ בְּחִנָּם יְלַמְּדוֹ בְּשָׂכָר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אֱמֶת קְנֵה. יָכוֹל יְלַמֵּד לַאֲחֵרִים בְּשָׂכָר. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (משלי כג כג) "וְאַל תִּמְכֹּר". הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁאָסוּר לוֹ לְלַמֵּד בְּשָׂכָר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלִּמְּדוֹ רַבּוֹ בְּשָׂכָר:

If it is local custom for a teacher of young children to take payment, he should be paid. [The father] is obligated to pay for his instruction until he can read the entire written Torah. In a place where it is customary to receive a wage for teaching the written Torah, one is permitted to do so. However, it is forbidden to take a wage for teaching the Oral Law, as [implied by Deuteronomy 4:5]: "Behold, I have taught you laws and statutes, as God commanded me." [Our Sages teach that Moses was implying:] Just as I learned at no cost, so, too, have you been taught from me at no cost. Teach the coming generations in a like manner. Teach them at no cost as you have learned from me." [Nevertheless,] if a person cannot find someone to teach him at no cost, he must pay for his studies, as [implied by Proverbs 23:23]: "Buy truth." May he charge to teach others? We learn [ibid.]: "but do not sell." Thus, it can be derived that it is forbidden to charge to teach Torah even though one's teacher charged to instruct him.

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