Tanakhתנ״ך

Abraham's Descent to Egypt During Famine

The Torah records that Abraham descended to Egypt during a severe famine in Canaan, shortly after being commanded to go to the promised land. Medieval and later commentators explore this apparent tension—whether the famine presented a legitimate test of faith, a temporary emergency measure, or a spiritual failure—and how the episode foreshadows Israel's later Egyptian experience.

וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ וַיֵּרֶד אַבְרָם מִצְרַיְמָה לָגוּר שָׁם

15 sources · 12 verified

Opens as a working sheet — explore, annotate, and export.

What the sources say

The sources divide sharply over whether Avraham's descent to Egypt was justified. Rashi (Bereishit 12:10), citing Pirkei D'Rabbi Eliezer, holds that the famine struck specifically in the land of Canaan in order to test Avraham — to see whether he would question Hashem's command to go there even as circumstances now seemed to force him to leave it, implying the departure was a trial he had to pass, not a wrongdoing.

Against this, the Ramban (Bereishit 12:10) states plainly that Avraham sinned, albeit inadvertently, both in endangering his righteous wife out of fear and in leaving the land he had been commanded to enter on account of the famine, since he should have trusted that Hashem could sustain him even through famine. Valle (Bereishis 12:8) likewise holds that Hashem never commanded Avraham to go down to Egypt — he went on his own initiative because of the severity of the famine — and that what happened to his wife came as a punishment for that choice.

Several sources soften the move by stressing that Avraham only intended a temporary sojourn, not a permanent relocation: the Sforno (Bereishit 12:10) and Midrash Lekach Tov (Bereishit 12:10:2) both read the phrase 'to sojourn there' as teaching that he did not go down to settle permanently.

Bereshit Rabbah 40:2 frames the famine itself as a form of divine chastisement that Avraham accepted without complaint or indignation, contrasting this with one who might have protested against misfortune after having just been promised blessing, and reads his silent departure for Egypt as the proper response of a tzaddik under such affliction.

Chatam Sofer on Torah (Lech Lecha 14) addresses the halachic side of the question directly, explaining that leaving the Land of Israel for food is permitted when the famine is severe enough that prices have doubled, and that Avraham further feared that the Egyptians would sin through bloodshed or immorality, so that even the concern of placing a stumbling block before them was overridden by considerations of saving life.

Some meforshim locate the tension earlier, in how Avraham understood the original command itself. Ohr HaChaim (Bereishit 12:1) suggests that Hashem's command meant for Avraham to leave entirely alone, severing himself even from his father's house, but that Avraham did not fully grasp this and brought Lot along with him, while the Sforno (Bereishit 12:1) explains that the command was to travel through the land until reaching the specific place Hashem would show him, which shaped his movements once there.

Other sources treat the Egypt episode as embedded in a larger pattern rather than a simple deviation from instruction: Ohr HaChaim (Bereishit 12:11) and Kli Yakar (Bereishit 12:9) focus on Avraham's conduct and modesty once in Egypt and on his journeying southward, while Toldot Yaakov Yosef (Lech Lecha 19) and Likkutei Sichos 5, Lech Lecha read the whole episode as a template of descent for the sake of ascent, meant to instruct future generations rather than merely record a historical deviation. Valle (Bereishis 25:34) notes that Yitzchak later considered a similar descent to Egypt in times of famine but concludes that such a move, appropriate for Avraham, was not appropriate for Yitzchak himself.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Genesis 12:1-9

בראשית י״ב

Genesis 12:1

Hashem commands Avram to go to the land that He will show him, and Avram arrives in Canaan, builds altars, and continues toward the Negev. These verses establish the promise and the apparent tension with his subsequent descent to Egypt.

וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהֹוָה֙ אֶל־אַבְרָ֔ם לֶךְ־לְךָ֛ מֵאַרְצְךָ֥ וּמִמּֽוֹלַדְתְּךָ֖ וּמִבֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑יךָ אֶל־הָאָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַרְאֶֽךָּ׃

See also

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

recovered from “Bereshit Rabbah 40:8”

Genesis Rabbah

בראשית רבה מ׳:ב׳ — ד"ה וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ

Bereshit Rabbah 40:2

The midrash reads Avraham’s descent to Egypt as part of the divinely arranged sequence through which his descendants would later descend there, thereby foreshadowing the Egyptian exile and redemption. It treats the famine and descent as providential rather than as abandonment of the divine mission.

וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ (בראשית יב, י), רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חָנִין דְּצִפּוֹרִין פָּתַח (תהלים צד, יב): אַשְׁרֵי הַגֶּבֶר אֲשֶׁר תְּיַסְּרֶנּוּ יָהּ, וְאִם בָּא לְהַקְפִּיד, (תהלים צד, יב): וּמִתּוֹרָתְךָ תְלַמְּדֶנּוּ, מַה כְּתִיב בְּאַבְרָהָם, (בראשית יב, ב): וַאֲבָרֶכְךָ וַאֲגַדְּלָה שְׁמֶךָ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּצָא קָפַץ עָלָיו רְעָבוֹן וְלֹא קָרָא תִּגָּר וְלֹא הִקְפִּיד אֶלָּא וַיֵּרֶד אַבְרָם מִצְרַיְמָה לָגוּר שָׁם. וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי פָּתַח (תהלים קיא, ה): טֶרֶף נָתַן לִירֵאָיו, טֵרוּף נָתַן לִירֵאָיו בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, אֲבָל לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא (תהלים קיא, ה): יִזְכֹּר לְעוֹלָם, מַה כְּתִיב בְּאַבְרָהָם וַאֲבָרֶכְךָ וַאֲגַדְּלָה שְׁמֶךָ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּצָא קָפַץ עָלָיו רְעָבוֹן וְלֹא הִקְפִּיד וְלֹא קָרָא תִּגָּר אֶלָּא וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ. וּלְאַבְרָם הֵיטִיב בַּעֲבוּרָהּ וַיְהִי לוֹ צֹאן וּבָקָר וגו' וַיְצַו עָלָיו פַּרְעֹה אֲנָשִׁים וַיְשַׁלְּחוּ אֹתוֹ (בראשית יב, טז כ), רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא רַבָּה אָמַר, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ צֵא וּכְבשׁ אֶת הַדֶּרֶךְ לִפְנֵי בָנֶיךָ, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כָּל מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב בְּבָנָיו, בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב (בראשית יב, י): וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ, בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (בראשית מה, ו): כִּי זֶה שְׁנָתַיִם הָרָעָב בְּקֶרֶב הָאָרֶץ. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב: וַיֵּרֶד אַבְרָם מִצְרַיְמָה לָגוּר שָׁם, וּבְיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (במדבר כ, טו): וַיֵּרְדוּ אֲבֹתֵינוּ מִצְרַיְמָה. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב: לָגוּר שָׁם, וּבְיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (בראשית מז, ד): לָגוּר בָּאָרֶץ בָּאנוּ. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב: כִּי כָבֵד הָרָעָב בְּאֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן, בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (בראשית מג, א): וְהָרָעָב כָּבֵד בָּאָרֶץ. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב: וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר הִקְרִיב, בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (שמות יד, י): וּפַרְעֹה הִקְרִיב. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב וְהָרְגוּ אֹתִי וְאֹתָךְ יְחַיּוּ, וּבְיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (שמות א, כב): כָּל הַבֵּן הַיִּלּוֹד הַיְאֹרָה תַּשְׁלִיכֻהוּ. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב: אִמְרִי נָא אֲחֹתִי אָתְּ לְמַעַן יִיטַב לִי בַעֲבוּרֵךְ וגו', וּבְיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (שמות א, כ): וַיֵּיטֶב אֱלֹהִים לַמְיַלְּדֹת. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב: וַיְהִי כְּבוֹא אַבְרָם מִצְרַיְמָה, וּבְיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (שמות א, א): וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הַבָּאִים מִצְרָיְמָה. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב: וְאַבְרָם כָּבֵד מְאֹד בַּמִּקְנֶה, וּבְיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (תהלים קה, לז): וַיּוֹצִיאֵם בְּכֶסֶף וְזָהָב. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב: וַיְצַו עָלָיו פַּרְעֹה, וּבְיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (שמות יב, לג): וַתֶּחֱזַק מִצְרַיִם עַל הָעָם. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב: וַיֵּלֶךְ לְמַסָּעָיו, וּבְיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (במדבר לג, א): אֵלֶּה מַסְעֵי בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.

“There was famine in the land” – Rabbi Pinḥas in the name of Rabbi Ḥanin of Tzippori began: “Blessed is the man whom You chastise, Lord” (Psalms 94:12) – but if he chooses to be indignant [about his misfortune], “You instruct him from Your Torah” (Psalms 94:12). What is written in Abraham’s regard? “I will bless you and I will render your name great” (Genesis 12:2). When he left [his homeland], famine confronted him, but he did not complain and he did not become indignant. Rather, “Abram descended to Egypt to sojourn there.” “There was famine in the land” – Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi began: “He gives food [teref] to those who fear Him” (Psalms 111:5) – He brings disruption [teiruf] in this world to those who fear Him, but in the future, “He remembers [His covenant] forever” (Psalms 111:5). What is written in Abraham’s regard? “I will bless you and I will render your name great” (Genesis 12:2). When he departed, famine confronted him, but he did not protest and he did not complain. Rather, “there was famine in the land [and Abram descended to Egypt to sojourn there].” “He benefitted Abram for her sake; he acquired flocks, cattle, donkeys, slaves, maidservants, female donkeys, and camels” (Genesis 12:16). “Pharaoh commanded men in his regard and they sent away him and his wife, and everything that was his” (Genesis 12:20). “He benefitted Abram for her sake; he acquired flocks, cattle…Pharaoh commanded men in his regard and they sent away him [and his wife]” – Rabbi Pinḥas said in the name of Rabbi Hoshaya the Great: The Holy One blessed be He said to Abraham our forefather: ‘Go and pave the way before your descendants.’ You find that everything that is written in Abraham’s regard is written regarding his descendants. In Abraham’s regard it is written: “There was famine in the land” (Genesis 12:10); in Israel’s regard it is written: “For these two years the famine is in the midst of the land” (Genesis 45:6). In Abraham’s regard it is written: “Abram descended to Egypt to sojourn there” (Genesis 12:10); in Israel’s regard it is written: “Our ancestors descended to Egypt” (Numbers 20:15). In Abraham’s regard it is written: “To sojourn there”; in Israel’s regard it is written: “We have come to sojourn in the land” (Genesis 47:4). In Abraham’s regard it is written: “As the famine was severe in the land” (Genesis 12:10); in Israel’s regard it is written: “The famine was severe in the land” (Genesis 43:1). In Abraham’s regard it is written: “It was when he drew near” (Genesis 12:11); in Israel’s regard it is written: “Pharaoh drew near” (Exodus 14:10). In Abraham’s regard it is written: “They will kill me, and keep you alive” (Genesis 12:12); in Israel’s regard it is written: “Every son who is born, you shall cast him into the Nile [and every girl you shall keep alive]” (Exodus 1:22). In Abraham’s regard it is written: “Please, say you are my sister; so that it may be well with me [yitav li] because of you…” (Genesis 12:13); in Israel’s regard it is written: “God favored [vayeitev] the midwives” (Exodus 1:20). In Abraham’s regard it is written: “It was upon Abram’s arrival in Egypt” (Genesis 12:14); in Israel’s regard it is written: “These are the names of the children of Israel who arrived in Egypt” (Exodus 1:1). In Abraham’s regard it is written: “And Abram was very wealthy in livestock, [in silver, and in gold]” (Genesis 13:2); in Israel’s regard it is written: “He took them out with silver and with gold” (Psalms 105:37). In Abraham’s regard it is written: “Pharaoh commanded [men] in his regard, [and they sent away him and his wife]” (Genesis 12:20); in Israel’s regard it is written: “The Egyptians urged the people, [to send them away in haste]” (Exodus 12:33). In Abraham’s regard it is written: “He went on his journeys” (Genesis 13:3); in Israel’s regard it is written: “These are the journeys of the children of Israel” (Numbers 33:1).

Source 3 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Genesis 12:10

רש"י על בראשית י״ב:י׳

Rashi on Genesis 12:10

Rashi explains that the famine was in the land of Canaan, testing whether Avraham would question the divine promise that he would inherit the land. The descent is thus presented as a nisayon, not simply as a practical food trip.

רעב בארץ. בְּאוֹתָהּ הָאָרֶץ לְבַדָּהּ, לְנַסּוֹתוֹ, אִם יְהַרְהֵר אַחַר דְּבָרָיו שֶׁל הַקָּבָּ"ה שֶׁאָמַר לָלֶכֶת אֶל אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן, וְעַכְשָׁו מַשִּׂיאוֹ לָצֵאת מִמֶּנָּה:

רעב בארץ A FAMINE IN THE LAND — in that land only to test him whether he would take exception to God’s commands in that He had bidden him to go to the land of Canaan and now forced him to leave it (Pirkei D'Rabbi Eliezer 26).

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Genesis 12:10

רמב"ן, בראשית יב י

Ramban on Genesis 12:10

Ramban sharply questions Avraham’s descent to Egypt and his plan concerning Sarai, arguing that the patriarchs’ actions have consequences for their descendants. He reads the episode as a serious human error whose pattern anticipated Israel’s later Egyptian experience.

וְדַע כִּי אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ חָטָא חֵטְא גָּדוֹל בִּשְׁגָגָה שֶׁהֵבִיא אִשְׁתּוֹ הַצַּדֶּקֶת בְּמִכְשׁוֹל עָוֹן מִפְּנֵי פַּחְדּוֹ פֶּן יַהַרְגוּהוּ, וְהָיָה לוֹ לִבְטֹחַ בַּשֵּׁם שֶׁיַּצִּיל אֹתוֹ וְאֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ וְאֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר לוֹ, כִּי יֵשׁ בֵּאלֹהִים כֹּחַ לַעֲזֹר וּלְהַצִּיל. גַּם יְצִיאָתוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ שֶׁנִּצְטַוָּה עָלֶיהָ בַּתְּחִלָּה מִפְּנֵי הָרָעָב עָוֹן אֲשֶׁר חֵטְא, כִּי הָאֱלֹהִים בְּרָעָב יִפְדֶנּוּ מִמָּוֶת.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Sforno on Genesis 12:10

ספורנו על בראשית י״ב:י׳

Sforno on Genesis 12:10

Sforno explains that Avraham went down to Egypt temporarily because the famine made residence in Canaan untenable, without abandoning his ultimate attachment to the promised land. The passage can be read as distinguishing a temporary emergency measure from rejection of the command.

לָגוּר שָׁם. לֹא לְהִשְׁתַּקֵּעַ.

לגור שם, not to settle there permanently.

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

recovered from “Chizkuni on Genesis 12:10”

Midrash Lekach Tov, Genesis

מדרש לקח טוב, בראשית י״ב:י׳:ב׳

Midrash Lekach Tov, Genesis 12:10:2

Abraham went down to Egypt to sojourn there because the famine was severe in the land, and he went to dwell there temporarily rather than to settle permanently.

וירד אברם מצרימה לגור שם. 45נג מלמד שלא ירד להשתקע. אלא לגור שם. כי כבד הרעב בארץ.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

ספורנו

ספורנו על בראשית י״ב:א׳

Sforno on Genesis 12:1

Q — Why does Hashem tell Avram "אל הארץ אשר אראך" — "to the land that I will show you" — as if the destination is unknown, when we already know from the end of Noach that Terach's family was headed to ארץ כנען? And once Avram arrives, why does he keep moving — to Shechem, then between Bet El and Ai, then south, then between Kadesh and Shur — instead of settling?

A — Sforno reads "אשר אראך" not as the destination land but as the specific spot *within* the land where Hashem will *appear* (אֵרָאֶה — same root). The country was already known; the location for the encounter wasn't. That's why Avram traverses the land without pitching his tent until Hashem appears at Shechem — that's "הארץ אשר אראך" landing in the precise place. Beyond that, Avram's settlement pattern is itself a chiddush: he camps deliberately between Bet El and Ai — "בין שתי עירות גדולות, למען ירבו הבאים לשמוע בקראו בשם ה'." Even his subsequent wandering "כמנהג הרועים" is constrained — "שלא לנטות מאחת משתי העירות שהתחילו קצתן להמשך אחריו." Same pattern reappears in Vayera: בין קדש ובין שור, "להגביר ברית לרבים." Avram's entire life-strategy is maximum outreach: choosing population-dense crossroads so the קריאה בשם ה' reaches the most people.

אל הארץ אשר אראך. אל המקום מהארץ אשר אראך אותה במראות אלהים, לפיכך עבר בארץ ולא נטע אהלו עד המקום שנראה אליו שם האל יתברך... בית אל מים והעי מקדם. בין שתי עירות גדולות, למען ירבו הבאים לשמוע בקראו בשם ה'.

Source 8 · Acharonim
Verified

Chatam Sofer on Torah, Lech Lecha 14

חתם סופר על התורה, לך לך י״ד

Chatam Sofer on Torah, Lech Lecha 14

Moses Sofer (Chatam Sofer) explains that Avraham descended to Egypt because the famine in Eretz Yisrael was severe, permitting departure when prices had doubled, and that concern over the Egyptians’ potential sins involving bloodshed or sexual immorality was overridden by pikuach nefesh.

ויהי רעב בארץ וירד אברם מצרימה כי כבד הרעב בארץ, אימתי ירד מצרימה כי כבד הרעב בארץ ישראל ומותר לצאת לחוצה לארץ אם השער הוקר בכפלים ואם גם ירא אברהם שיחטאו המצריים באחת מהנה או בשפיכו' דמים או בעריות וקעבר על לפני עור לא תתן מכשו' מ"מ פיקוח נפש דוחה הלאו דלפני עור (מספר שיר מעון):

Source 9 · Acharonim
Verified

recovered from “Or HaChaim on Genesis 12:10”

Ohr HaChaim on Genesis

אור החיים על בראשית י״ב:י״א — ד"ה וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר הִקְרִיב וְגוֹ׳ הִנֵּה נָא

Or HaChaim on Genesis 12:11

Ohr HaChaim analyzes why Avraham left the land after being commanded to go there, relating the episode to the nature of the divine test and to the limits of what could reasonably be expected during famine. It seeks to reconcile the descent with Avraham’s obedience.

וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר הִקְרִיב וְגוֹ׳ הִנֵּה נָא יָדַעְתִּי וְגוֹ׳. רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה אָמְרוּ (בבא בתרא טז.) לְהַגִּיד צְנִיעוּת שֶׁהָיָה בֵּינֵיהֶם, וְצָרִיךְ לָדַעַת לְאֵיזֶה עִנְיָן אָמַר לָהּ כֵּן אַבְרָהָם. אָכֵן לֶהֱיוֹת כִּי רָצָה לְצַוּוֹת עָלֶיהָ לוֹמַר ״אָחִי הוּא״, חָשׁ שֶׁתֹּאמַר שָׂרָה לָמָּה הִכְנִיסָהּ בְּגֶדֶר סַכָּנָה, שֶׁעַל כָּל פָּנִים הִיא מִסְתַּכֶּנֶת אוֹ תִּמָּסֵר בְּעַל כָּרְחָהּ בְּיַד הַטְּמֵאִים עַל יְדֵי הֲרִיגַת הַבַּעַל אוֹ בִּרְצוֹנָהּ, וְלֹא הָיָה לוֹ לַהֲבִיאָהּ לְמָקוֹם כָּזֶה. וַהֲגַם שֶׁבְּטוּחִים הַצַּדִּיקִים בְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן כְּלָל זֶה בְּיָדֵינוּ שֶׁאֵין סוֹמְכִין עַל הַנֵּס, וּמַה גַּם לְגַבֵּי בְּחִירַת הָאָדָם. וְצֵא וּלְמַד (קידושין לט:) מִשְּׁמוּאֵל שֶׁאָמַר (שמואל א ט״ז:ב׳) ״וְשָׁמַע שָׁאוּל וַהֲרָגָנִי״. לָזֶה אָמַר אֵלֶיהָ הִנֵּה נָא וְגוֹ׳, נָתַן הִתְנַצְּלוּת עַל הַדָּבָר כִּי עַתָּה נוֹדַע לוֹ וְלֹא מִקּוֹדֶם, שֶׁאִם הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ מַה שֶׁיָּדַע עַתָּה לֹא הָיָה מְבִיאָהּ אֶל מִצְרַיִם וְהָיָה הוֹלֵךְ לְמָקוֹם אַחֵר. וְטַעַם נְתִינַת לֵב לָדַעַת לְצַד קִרְבָתוֹ לָבֹא לְמִצְרַיִם רָאָה פָּנִים כְּעוּרוֹת, אוֹ יָדַע בִּקְרִיבַת הָעִיר כִּי הַמֶּלֶךְ יִקַּח הַיָּפָה בַּנָּשִׁים וְנָתַן דַּעְתּוֹ וְהִכִּיר בָּהּ. וְאָמְרוֹ ״כִּי אִשָּׁה יְפַת״ וְגוֹ׳, וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לוֹמַר ״כִּי יְפַת מַרְאֶה אָתְּ״, נִתְכַּוֵּן לוֹמַר כִּי אַחַת הִיא בָּעוֹלָם, אִשָּׁה יְפַת מַרְאֶה הִיא וְאֵין דּוֹמֶה לָהּ, וְהָבֵן: וְאַל יִקְשֶׁה בְּעֵינֶיךָ שֶׁהָלַךְ עִמָּהּ לְאֶרֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּים אַחַר שֶׁיָּדַע כִּי אִשָּׁה יְפַת מַרְאֶה הִיא, כִּי אֶרֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּים לֹא הָיוּ כְּעוּרוֹת כָּל כָּךְ כְּמִצְרַיִם. וְלָזֶה תִּמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא הֻצְרַךְ לְצַוּוֹת עָלֶיהָ שֶׁתֹּאמַר הִיא, אֶלָּא הוּא אָמַר עָלֶיהָ ״אֲחוֹתִי הִיא״ (בראשית כ:ב), כִּי לֹא הָיָה בֵּית מֵיחוּשׁ כְּאַנְשֵׁי מִצְרַיִם שֶׁהָיוּ בְּתַכְלִית הַכִּעוּר וְהִיא בְּתַכְלִית הַיּוֹפִי:

ויהי כאשר הקריב לבא מצרימה, It happened as he came closer to Egypt, etc. Our sages (Baba Batra 16) use this verse to demonstrate how chaste Abraham was, that he had not even seen Sarah's beauty up until now. We need to understand why Abraham spoke to Sarah about her beauty. If it was merely because he planned to have her describe him as her brother instead of as her husband, this would not diminish the danger they found themselves in. Sarah would be in danger of being killed if she resisted rape, or else would have to submit voluntarily to someone who fancied her. Abraham wanted to forestall Sarah's argument that he should never have brought her to Egypt in the first place and have endangered them both. While it is true that righteous people have to place their trust in G'd, this rule applies when one does not deliberately place oneself in a dangerous situation. No one has the right to make his survival depend on a miracle. We know this from the prophet Samuel who took along an animal to sacrifice when he set out to anoint David as king. He did this even though G'd Himself told him to go on that mission. When he remonstrated with G'd that the mission could be fatal for him if Saul would hear about it, G'd Himself told Samuel to camouflage it (Samuel I 16,1-5). Abraham therefore told Sarah that had he but known earlier how beautiful she was he would indeed not have undertaken such a dangerous journey. He would have taken her elsewhere. Now that they had already come close to Egypt he had found out more about the Egyptians' lack of sexual mores and the fact that they had ugly faces (or were black-skinned). He therefore had reason to fear for his life if he were to be known as Sarah's husband. He examined Sarah's beauty critically in order to understand the degree of danger that this could pose for him. Abraham did not describe Sarah as merely יפת מראה; he described her as אשה יפת מראה. There is a subtle difference here. He realised that her beauty was unique. Her beauty was bound to arouse the carnal instincts of the Egyptians. We must not question how Abraham could take a chance and take Sarah to the land of the Philistines after his experience in Egypt. Whereas the Egyptians had ugly faces, this did not apply to the Philistines. Sarah's beauty therefore did not represent such a contrast to what the Philistines were used to. This is why Abraham never ordered Sarah herself to say that he was her brother. He contented himself with describing Sarah as his sister (20,2).

Source 10 · Acharonim
Verified

recovered from “Kli Yakar on Genesis 12:10”

Kli Yakar on Genesis

כלי יקר על בראשית י״ב:ט׳ — ד"ה הָלוֹךְ וְנָסוֹעַ הַנֶּגְבָּה

Kli Yakar on Genesis 12:9

Kli Yakar examines the famine, Avraham’s descent, and the moral or spiritual dimensions of the episode. His reading explores why this event functions as a test and how the patriarchal story conveys lessons for later Israel.

הָלוֹךְ וְנָסוֹעַ הַנֶּגְבָּה. אוּלַי רָצָה לְהִתְחַכֵּם בָּאֱלֹהִיּוֹת, כִּי הָרוֹצֶה לְהִתְחַכֵּם יַדְרִים (בבא בתרא כה:). אֲבָל עַל הָעֹשֶׁר לֹא בִּקֵּשׁ, שֶׁהֲרֵי אָמַר ״אִם אֶקַּח מִחוּט וְעַד שְׂרוֹךְ נַעַל״ (בראשית יד:כג). וְאוֹתָן מַתָּנוֹת שֶׁקִּבֵּל עַל יְדֵי שָׂרָה הָיָה מֻכְרָח לְקַבְּלָם כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַהַרְגוּהוּ, שֶׁהֲרֵי כֻּלָּם נָתְנוּ לוֹ דֶּרֶךְ חֲנֻפָּה, אוּלַי יִתְפַּתֶּה לָתֵת לוֹ אֶת אֲחוֹתוֹ לְאִשָּׁה. וְאִלּוּ לֹא הָיָה מְקַבֵּל, הָיוּ חוֹשְׁבִים שֶׁאֵין רְצוֹנוֹ לִתְּנָהּ לָהֶם וְהָיוּ הוֹרְגִים אוֹתוֹ. וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם לֹא רָצָה לֵהָנוֹת מִן אוֹתָן מַתָּנוֹת וּנְתָנָם לִבְנֵי הַפִּילַגְשִׁים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כה:ו) ״וְלִבְנֵי הַפִּילַגְשִׁים נָתַן אַבְרָהָם מַתָּנוֹת״. הַיְינוּ אוֹתָן מַתָּנוֹת שֶׁכְּבָר קִבֵּל מִן הַמִּצְרִיִּים, נְתָנָם לִבְנֵי הַפִּילַגְשִׁים, דְּהַיְינוּ בְּנֵי קְטוּרָה, וְהִיא הָגָר הַמִּצְרִית כְּפֵרוּשׁ רַשִׁ״י. כִּי מִן הַמִּצְרִיִּים לָקַח הַמַּתָּנוֹת וְהֶחֱזִירָם לְמַטַּעְתָּם, וּנְתָנָם לִבְנֵי הָגָר הַמִּצְרִית.

And he journeyed, going on still toward the south. Perhaps he wanted to become wise in divine matters, since one who wishes to become wise should turn southward (Bava Batra 25b). However, he did not seek wealth, as evidenced by his statement I will not take from a thread to a shoe strap. And those gifts that he received through Sarah — he was compelled to accept them so that they would not kill him, for they all gave them to him as flattery, hoping perhaps he would be persuaded to give them his sister as a wife. Had he not accepted them, they would have thought he was unwilling to give her to them and would have killed him. Nevertheless, he did not want to benefit from these gifts and gave them to the sons of the concubines, as it is said But unto the sons of the concubines… Abraham gave gifts (Genesis 25:6). These were the same gifts that he had already received from the Egyptians; he gave them to the sons of the concubines, namely the children of Keturah, who was Hagar the Egyptian as Rashi explains, for from the Egyptians he took the gifts and returned them to their origin by giving them to the sons of Hagar the Egyptian.

Source 11 · Acharonim
Verified

אור החיים

אור החיים על בראשית י״ב:א׳

Or HaChaim on Genesis 12:1

Q — Why does the command 'לך לך' specify three layers of departure — from your land, your birthplace, and your father's house?

A — In one of his readings, Or HaChaim offers a startling possibility: the command demanded total separation, that Avram go entirely alone, leaving even his extended family behind — unlike his earlier departure from Ur Kasdim where he traveled with kin. On this reading Avram did not fully fulfill the command at this stage: either he misunderstood it and took Lot along, or he understood it correctly but Lot clung to him ('וילך אתו לוט' — דבק בו), against Avram's intent.

עוד ירצה לומר שילך לו מארצו, אך לא יהיה כסדר יציאתו מאור כשדים שיוליך עמו מולדתו ובית אביו, אלא הוא לבדו יעזוב ארצו ויפרד גם ממולדתו ואפילו מבית אביו. אך אברהם לא הבין זה בדברי ה' ולקח עמו לוט, או אפשר שהבין כן אלא שלוט דבק בו כאומרו 'וילך אתו לוט' - דבק בו.

Source 12 · Hasidic
External

לקוטי שיחות ח"ה, לך לך (א)

Likkutei Sichos 5 Lech Lecha

The passage explains that Avraham’s descent to Egypt was a preparatory spiritual descent that empowered his descendants, expressing the principle that the actions of the patriarchs themselves cause what later occurs to their children.

המשמעות הפנימית של "מעשה אבות סימן לבנים", שאין זה סימן בלבד, שמה שאירע לאבות יארע גם לבניהם, אלא "מעשה אבות" עצמו הוא הגורם למה שיארע אחר כך לבנים

In this sichaThe sicha explains that the command 'Lech Lecha' ('go to yourself') represents the soul's journey of descending into the physical world to serve its Creator and achieve spiritual elevation. It teaches that Abraham's descent to Egypt was not a failure but a preparation that spiritually empowered his descendants ('the actions of the patriarchs are a sign for the children'), ensuring that every spiritual descent is ultimately for the sake of a greater ascent.

Open the original PDF ↗

Likutei Sichos is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

Source 13 · Hasidic
Verified

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Lech Lecha

תולדות יעקב יוסף, לך לך

Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Lech Lecha 19

Toldot Yaakov Yosef presents the patriarchal journey as a spiritual process in which apparent descent and concealment can prepare a greater revelation. The move to Egypt can thus be read as purposeful descent within Avraham’s mission.

עוד י"ל ביאר פסוק ויאמר ה' אל אברם וכו' (יב, א). מלבד הספיקות הידועים, יש לידע איך שייך פרשה זו בכל אדם ובכל זמן, דלא צריך פרשה זו לכתבה לדורות, דמה דהוי הוי, כי אם ללמדינו לדורות בזה.

Source 14 · Modern
External

Valle on Bereishis 12:8

בראשית י״ב, ח׳

Valle on Bereishis 12:8

The passage states that Hashem did not command Avraham to descend to Egypt; he went on his own because of the severe famine, and the incident involving his wife occurred as a punishment for that choice.

On this pageThe passage states that Hashem did not command Avraham to descend to Egypt; he went on his own because of the severe famine, and the incident involving his wife occurred as a punishment for that choice.

Valle on Bereishis 12:8 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 185

Rav Moshe David Valle (רמד״ו, 1697–1777, Padua, the Ramchal's colleague); kabbalistic commentary on Tanach, this edition prepared from manuscript by the Spinner edition. Rav Moshe David Valle — Or Olam (Bereishis) is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

Source 15 · Modern
External

Valle on Bereishis 25:34

בראשית כ״ה, ל״ד

Valle on Bereishis 25:34

The passage explains that Yitzchak considered leaving the land and descending to Egypt as his father Avraham had done, but says this descent was inappropriate for Yitzchak.

On this pageThe passage explains that Yitzchak considered leaving the land and descending to Egypt as his father Avraham had done, but says this descent was inappropriate for Yitzchak.

Valle on Bereishis 25:34 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 17

Rav Moshe David Valle (רמד״ו, 1697–1777, Padua, the Ramchal's colleague); kabbalistic commentary on Tanach, this edition prepared from manuscript by the Spinner edition. Rav Moshe David Valle — Or Olam (Bereishis) is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

Related sources· 8 found, not yet verifiedSign in to verify
  • וַיְהִ֥י רָעָ֖ב בָּאָ֑רֶץ וַיֵּ֨רֶד אַבְרָ֤ם מִצְרַ֙יְמָה֙ לָג֣וּר שָׁ֔ם כִּֽי־כָבֵ֥ד הָרָעָ֖ב בָּאָֽרֶץ׃

    Same passage as Bereshit Rabbah 40:2

  • וּלְאַבְרָם הֵיטִיב בַּעֲבוּרָהּ וַיְהִי לוֹ צֹאן וּבָקָר וגו' וַיְצַו עָלָיו פַּרְעֹה אֲנָשִׁים וַיְשַׁלְּחוּ אֹתוֹ (בראשית יב, טז כ), רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא רַבָּה אָמַר, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ צֵא וּכְבשׁ אֶת הַדֶּרֶךְ לִפְנֵי בָנֶיךָ, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כָּל מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב בְּבָנָיו, בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב (בראשית יב, י): וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ, בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב (בראשית מה, ו): כִּי זֶה שְׁנָתַיִם הָרָעָב בְּקֶרֶב הָאָרֶץ. בְּאַבְרָהָם כְּתִיב:

    Same passage as Bereshit Rabbah 40:2

  • וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ וַיֵּרֶד אַבְרָם מִצְרַיְמָה לָגוּר שָׁם כִּי־כָבֵד הָרָעָב בָּאָרֶץ:

    Same passage as Bereshit Rabbah 40:2

  • שמה ולזבוח זבחים לאלקי אביו יצחק האומר אליו ״אל תרד מצרים וגר גור בארץ הזאת ואהיה עמך״ שנראה שלא יהיה עמו בארץ אחרת. והיתה כונתו לשאול רשות ממנו ית׳ לירד מצרימה עם היות שמנעו מיצחק אביו. אז א״ל השם אנכי אלקי אביך כלומר

  • חשש על הברית כי אין אמונה בגוי, או שהיה הרעב גם לשם, ולכן עלה על דעתו של יצחק ללכת משם ולירד מצרימה כמו שעשה אביו, שאם לא כן למה נראה אליו השי״ת ואמר לו ״אל תרד מצרימה״, שאין אומרים ״אל תרד״ אלא למי שרוצה לירד. וזאת

  • ויהי רעב - מה שהוצרך אברהם לצאת למצרים מפני הרעב, ולא הפליא ה' חסדו עמדו כמו שעשה ליצחק, יש בזה כמה טעמים, א' שזה היה מן הנסיונות שנתנסה אברהם, כי יען שאברהם הכיר את בוראו על ידי ההתפלספות והחקירה, וה' רצה שיאמין בו אמונה שלמה הבלתי נתלית במחקר רק להמשך אחר רצונו בכל אופן, ועל כן נסהו בעשרה נסיונות לבחנו אם יהרהר אחר מדותיו, וירידתו למצרים היתה אחת מהנסיונות...

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • משום זה נתדבק אברהם באמונה, (דהיינו בסוד השכינה במדרגת אחות כנ"ל), כאשר ירד למצרים וכאשר הלך לארץ פלשתים בדומה לאדם הרוצה לרדת לבור עמוק, והוא יתירא שלא יוכל לחזור ולעלות מתוך הבור. מה עשה, קשר חבל אחד למעלה מן הבור... כן אברהם בשעה שרצה לירד למצרים, מטרם שירד שמה קשר מתחילה קשר של אמונה להתחזק בו, ואחר כך ירד שמה...

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • ויהי רעב - הנה מה שאברהם הוצרך לצאת למצרים מפני הרעב ולא הפליא ה' חסדו עמדו כמו שעשה ליצחק, יש בזה כמה טעמים, א' שזה היה מן הנסיונות שנתנסה אברהם, כי יען שאברהם הכיר את בוראו על ידי ההתפלספות והחקירה, וה' רצה שיאמין בו אמונה שלמה הבלתי נתלית במחקר, רק להמשך אחר רצונו בכל אופן, ועל כן נסהו, לבחנו אם יהרהר אחר מדותיו, אבל יצחק שכבר היתה אמונתו חזקה על ידי הקבלה שקבל מאביו, לא הוצרך לנסיונות אלה...

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

Related sheets

Tanakhתנ״ך

Abraham's Descent to Egypt During the Famine

Jewish sources—both Tanakhic texts and classical rabbinic and medieval commentaries—explore why Abraham went to Egypt specifically during the famine in Canaan, rather than another location. The sources read this journey as a test of faith, a foreshadowing of Israel's later descent and exodus, and an expression of divine providence woven into the patriarch's life.

View Sources18 sources
Machshavaמחשבה

Avraham as the Foundational Source of Israel

These sources explore Avraham's role as the originating principle and spiritual foundation of the Jewish people. They examine how his character, covenant, obedience, and initial actions in the land established a pattern that flows through the generations, with later developments rooted in and shaped by this foundational beginning.

View Sources27 sources
Tanakhתנ״ך

Did the Patriarchs Observe the Torah?

Sources explore whether Abraham and the other Avos kept the Torah before it was given at Sinai. The discussion spans biblical verses, classical rabbinic interpretations, medieval commentaries, and Hasidic perspectives on how the patriarchs observed Jewish law through divine guidance and spiritual intuition.

View Sources16 sources
Mussarמוסר

Shame for Transgression and Spiritual Repair

These sources explore how shame and embarrassment about sin function as essential elements of repentance and spiritual return. They distinguish between constructive inner remorse that leads to moral change and mere external humiliation, presenting shame as a catalyst for reconnection with God and atonement.

View Sources16 sources
Talmudתלמוד

Why the Bavli Is the Authoritative Talmud

Sources explain the halakhic principle that the Babylonian Talmud (Bavli) serves as the primary authoritative source for Jewish law, while clarifying that the Jerusalem Talmud (Yerushalmi) may be consulted in times of pressing need. The sources address the reasoning behind this hierarchy and its application in practice.

View Sources13 sources
Machshavaמחשבה

The Primordial Kings and Vessel Breaking

Sources explain the mystical account of the early kings in the world of Tohu, their death, and the breaking of vessels that preceded the rectified order of creation. The sources discuss the metaphysical necessity of this cosmic disruption and its role in establishing a properly ordered reality.

View Sources10 sources