Halachaהלכה

Havdalah and Telephone Transmission

Sources examine whether hearing Havdalah recited over the telephone fulfills one's obligation, drawing on the principle of shome'a k'oneh (hearing as equivalent to reciting) and the halakhic requirements for genuine 'hearing' in ritual contexts.

שומע כעונה

9 sources · 7 verified

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What the sources say

The Gemara establishes the foundational principle of שומע כעונה — that hearing is equivalent to reciting — deriving it from the congregation's fulfillment of Hallel by listening rather than repeating, and further ruling that one who hears without responding still fulfills his obligation (Sukkah 38b).

A distinct but related Gemara-level concern arises from the shofar context: one fulfills his obligation only if he hears the genuine sound of the shofar, not a mere echo or secondary acoustic impression (Rosh Hashanah 28a), a distinction directly relevant to whether a telephone transmission constitutes true 'hearing.'

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 296:7 rules that women are obligated in Havdalah and should fulfill it by listening to men recite it, making the question of what counts as valid 'hearing' for Havdalah practically consequential.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Berakhot 45a

ברכות מ״ה א

Berakhot 45a

Discussion of zimun and the requirement that those joining a brachah be co-present, raising the question of whether physical co-presence is halakhically required for one person's blessing to exempt another — an analogue to the telephone Havdalah problem.

מַתְנִי׳ שְׁלֹשָׁה שֶׁאָכְלוּ כְּאַחַת, חַיָּיבִין לְזַמֵּן. אָכַל דְּמַאי, וּמַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁנִּטְּלָה תְּרוּמָתוֹ, מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי וְהֶקְדֵּשׁ שֶׁנִּפְדּוּ, וְהַשַּׁמָּשׁ שֶׁאָכַל כְּזַיִת, וְהַכּוּתִי — מְזַמְּנִין עָלָיו.

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Sukkah 38b

סוכה ל״ח ב — ד"ה הוּא אוֹמֵר

Sukkah 38b:4

The Talmud articulates the principle of 'shome'a k'oneh' — that hearing a blessing recited by another is equivalent to reciting it oneself — the core principle at stake in determining whether Havdalah over the telephone can work.

הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״אָנָא ה׳ הַצְלִיחָה נָּא״ וְהֵן אוֹמְרִים: ״אָנָּא ה׳ הַצְלִיחָה נָּא״, מִכָּאן שֶׁאִם בָּא לִכְפּוֹל — כּוֹפֵל. הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״בָּרוּךְ הַבָּא״, וְהֵן אוֹמְרִים: ״בְּשֵׁם ה׳״ — מִכָּאן לְשׁוֹמֵעַ כְּעוֹנֶה. בְּעוֹ מִינֵּיהּ מֵרַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא: שָׁמַע וְלֹא עָנָה, מַהוּ? אֲמַר לְהוּ: חַכִּימַיָּא וְסָפְרַיָּא וְרֵישֵׁי עַמָּא וְדָרָשַׁיָּא אָמְרוּ: שָׁמַע וְלֹא עָנָה — יָצָא. אִתְּמַר נָמֵי, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן פַּזִּי אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי מִשּׁוּם בַּר קַפָּרָא: מִנַּיִן לְשׁוֹמֵעַ כְּעוֹנֶה — דִּכְתִיב: ״אֶת (הַדְּבָרִים) אֲשֶׁר קָרָא (יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ)״. וְכִי יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ קְרָאָן? וַהֲלֹא שָׁפָן קְרָאָן, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּקְרָאֵהוּ שָׁפָן (אֵת כׇּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה) לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ״. אֶלָּא, מִכָּאן לְשׁוֹמֵעַ כְּעוֹנֶה.

The prayer leader recites: “Lord, please grant us success,” and the congregation recites in response: “Lord, please grant us success” (Psalms 118:25). From here is the source of the halakha that if one comes to repeat a particular verse in hallel twice, he may repeat it. The prayer leader recites: “Blessed is one who comes” (Psalms 118:26), and the congregation recites the rest of the verse: “In the name of the Lord” (Psalms 118:26), in response. From here is the source of the halakha that the halakhic status of one who hears a passage recited is equivalent to that of one who recites it, as the congregation fulfills its obligation even though it does not repeat the entire verse. Apropos this halakha, the Gemara relates that the Sages raised a dilemma before Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba: If one heard a passage recited and did not recite it himself, what is the halakha? Did he fulfill his obligation or not? He said to them that the Sages, and the schoolteachers, and the heads of the nation, and the homiletic interpreters said: One who heard a passage recited and did not recite it himself fulfilled his obligation. It was also stated that Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said in the name of Bar Kappara: From where is it derived that the halakhic status of one who hears a passage recited is equivalent to that of one who recites it? It is as it is written: “All the words of the book which the king of Judea has read” (II Kings 22:16). And did King Josiah read them? Didn’t Shaphan read them, as it is written: “And Shaphan read it before the king” (II Kings 22:10)? Rather, from here it is derived that the halakhic status of one who hears a passage recited is equivalent to that of one who recites it, and it is as though Josiah read the words himself.

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Rosh Hashanah 28a

ראש השנה כ״ח א — ד"ה תָּא שְׁמַע

Rosh Hashanah 28a:6

The Gemara discusses whether one who hears the shofar inside a pit fulfills the mitzvah, raising the question of what counts as genuine 'hearing' for a mitzvah — a direct precedent for analyzing whether telephone-transmitted sound constitutes halakhic hearing.

תָּא שְׁמַע: הַתּוֹקֵעַ לְתוֹךְ הַבּוֹר אוֹ לְתוֹךְ הַדּוּת אוֹ לְתוֹךְ הַפִּיטָס, אִם קוֹל שׁוֹפָר שָׁמַע — יָצָא, וְאִם קוֹל הֲבָרָה שָׁמַע — לֹא יָצָא. וְאַמַּאי? לִיפּוֹק בִּתְחִילַּת תְּקִיעָה מִקַּמֵּי דְּלִיעַרְבַּב קָלָא!

The Gemara raises another difficulty: Come and hear that which was taught in a mishna: If one sounds a shofar into a pit, or into a cistern, or into a large jug, if he clearly heard the sound of the shofar, he has fulfilled his obligation; but if he heard the sound of an echo, he has not fulfilled his obligation. But why is this so? If indeed half a blast is considered a blast, let him fulfill his obligation with the beginning of the blast, before the sound of the shofar is confused with the echo, since he heard the beginning of the blast clearly.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Berakhot 53a

ברכות נ״ג א — ד"ה תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן

Berakhot 53a:23

The Talmud discusses the laws of Havdalah, including who may recite it for others and the requirement of attentive listening for the principle of shome'a k'oneh to apply — source material for the conditions Rav Moshe examines in the telephone responsum.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הָיוּ יוֹשְׁבִין בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ וְהֵבִיאוּ אוּר לִפְנֵיהֶם, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים: כׇּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מְבָרֵךְ לְעַצְמוֹ. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים: אֶחָד מְבָרֵךְ לְכוּלָּן — מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בְּרׇב עָם הַדְרַת מֶלֶךְ״. בִּשְׁלָמָא בֵּית הִלֵּל מְפָרְשִׁי טַעְמָא, אֶלָּא בֵּית שַׁמַּאי מַאי טַעְמָא? קָסָבְרִי מִפְּנֵי בִּיטּוּל בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ.

The Sages taught in a baraita: People were seated in the study hall and they brought fire before them at the conclusion of Shabbat. Beit Shammai say: Each and every individual recites a blessing for himself; and Beit Hillel say: One recites a blessing on behalf of everyone and the others answer amen. Beit Hillel’s reasoning is as it is stated: “The splendor of the King is in the multitude of the people” (Proverbs 14:28). When everyone joins together to hear the blessing, the name of God is glorified. The Gemara asks: Granted, Beit Hillel, they explain their reasoning, but what is the reason for the opinion of Beit Shammai to prohibit reciting the blessing communally? The Gemara answers: They hold that it is prohibited due to the fact that it will lead to suspension of study in the study hall. Waiting for someone to recite the blessing will interrupt Torah study for several minutes.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Shabbat 29:1

משנה תורה, הלכות שבת כ״ט:א׳

Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 29:1

Rambam codifies the Torah obligation to remember (zachor) the Shabbat at its entry and exit, which is fulfilled through Kiddush and Havdalah respectively, establishing the Biblical basis of Havdalah and why the conditions of its fulfillment are rigorously examined.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה מִן הַתּוֹרָה לְקַדֵּשׁ אֶת יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת בִּדְבָרִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כ ח) "זָכוֹר אֶת יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת לְקַדְּשׁוֹ". כְּלוֹמַר זָכְרֵהוּ זְכִירַת שֶׁבַח וְקִדּוּשׁ. וְצָרִיךְ לְזָכְרֵהוּ בִּכְנִיסָתוֹ וּבִיצִיאָתוֹ. בִּכְנִיסָתוֹ בְּקִדּוּשׁ הַיּוֹם וּבִיצִיאָתוֹ בְּהַבְדָּלָה:

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 296

בית יוסף, אורח חיים רצ״ו

Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 296

Rav Yosef Karo's analytical commentary surveys the Rishonic sources on Havdalah and shome'a k'oneh, synthesizing the conditions under which one person's recitation exempts another — directly informing later Acharonic and Modern discussions about non-standard forms of 'hearing.'

נהגו העולם להבדיל בבית אע"פ ששמעו כל בני הבית הבדלה בב"ה וכתב הר"ן בס"פ ראוהו ב"ד דאפילו אי קי"ל מצות אינן צריכות כוונה ש"ד משום דה"מ בסתם אבל אם מתכוון שלא לצאת אינו יוצא וה"נ כיון שמתכוונים שלא לצאת בהבדלה שמבדילין בב"ה לא נפקי וה"ל כלא הבדילו כלל וכ"כ תלמידי הר"י בספ"ק דברכות.

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 296

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים רצ״ו — ד"ה אפילו שמעו כל בני הבית הבדלה

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 296:7

The Shulchan Arukh codifies the laws of Havdalah, including who is obligated, the components of the blessing, and the principle that one who hears Havdalah recited by another and answers 'Amen' fulfills their obligation — the foundational rule of shome'a k'oneh that underlies the telephone question.

אפילו שמעו כל בני הבית הבדלה בבית הכנסת אם נתכוונו שלא לצאת מבדילין בבית: נשים חייבות בהבדלה כשם שחייבות בקידוש ויש מי שחולק: הגה ע"כ לא יבדילו לעצמן רק ישמעו הבדלה מן האנשים:

Even if the entire household heard Havdalah in the synagogue, if they had the intention not to fulfill their obligation thereby, they should say Havdalah at home. Women are obligated in Havdalah, just as they are obligated in Kiddush. And there are those who argue. RAMA: Therefore, they should not recite Havdalah for themselves, rather they should hear Havdalah from men.

Source 8 · Modern
External

Igrot Moshe, Orach Chayim 2:108

אגרות משה, או"ח ב׳:ק״ח

Responsa Igrot Moshe, Orach Chayim 2:108

An earlier responsum by Rav Moshe Feinstein touching on the halakhic status of electronically transmitted sound, laying groundwork for his later ruling that a telephone voice does not constitute the actual human voice for purposes of fulfilling mitzvot that depend on hearing.

Responsa Igrot Moshe, Orach Chayim 2:108 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 298

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Source 9 · Modern
External

Igrot Moshe, Orach Chayim 4:91

אגרות משה, או"ח ד׳:צ״א

Responsa Igrot Moshe, Orach Chayim 4:91

Rav Moshe Feinstein's primary teshuvah on whether one can fulfill the obligation of Havdalah by hearing it recited over the telephone. He rules that one cannot fulfill the mitzvah this way, since the voice transmitted through the telephone is not the speaker's actual voice (kol d'rabba) but an electronic reproduction, and the halakhic principle of 'shome'a k'oneh' (hearing is like answering) requires actually hearing the human voice.

Responsa Igrot Moshe, Orach Chayim 4:91 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 176

Igros Moshe is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.