Machshavaמחשבה

God's Greatness and Awesomeness in Divine Service

These sources explore the distinction between understanding God as Gadol (Great) and Norah (Awesome), examining how each attribute functions differently in human consciousness and spiritual practice. The sources discuss how recognizing God's vastness and His power to overcome obstacles creates distinct forms of reverence and service.

הָאֵל הַגָּדוֹל הַגִּבֹּר וְהַנּוֹרָא

11 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The foundational pasuk, Devarim 10:17, presents God as הַגָּדֹל, הַגִּבֹּר, וְהַנּוֹרָא — great, mighty, and awesome — and the Gemara in Yoma 69b explains that each of these is a genuinely irreplaceable description: Moses introduced all three, but Yirmiyahu, witnessing gentiles carousing in the Temple, omitted "awesome," and Daniel, witnessing Israel enslaved, omitted "mighty" — each prophet felt that historical circumstances made the attribute implausible, until the Men of the Great Assembly restored all three by reinterpreting them: God's restraint in granting patience to the wicked is itself His "might," and the awe-inspiring survival of Israel among the nations is itself His "awesomeness."

Ein Aya, Berakhot 9:312 draws a precise conceptual distinction: "greatness" (גדולה) is recognized when one perceives the vast scope and spread of an action, while "might" (גבורה) is recognized when, within a smaller or more constrained domain, many contrary forces must be overcome — a distinction of quantity versus quality of divine activity.

The Sforno (Devarim 10:17) defines הָאֵל הַגָּדוֹל specifically as the One for whom no other being exists on an equal level of existence — His greatness is thus an absolute ontological uniqueness, not merely a superlative degree.

The practical implication of holding both attributes together is spelled out in Tanya, Likkutei Amarim 41:3, which concludes that because God stands over a person and searches heart and mind, one is therefore obligated to serve Him with awe and fear, as one standing before a king — and Berakhot 33b reinforces that even these three Mosaic epithets may only be recited because Moses fixed them in Torah and the Great Assembly instituted them in prayer; adding further praises on one's own is presumptuous, since no human enumeration can exhaust the praise of the Master.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 10:17

דברים י׳:י״ז

Deuteronomy 10:17

Moshe describes Hashem as "the great, mighty, and awesome God" (haEl haggadol, haggibor, vehanora). The verse provides the textual basis for contrasting divine greatness and awe.

כִּ֚י יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֔ם ה֚וּא אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽאֱלֹהִ֔ים וַאֲדֹנֵ֖י הָאֲדֹנִ֑ים הָאֵ֨ל הַגָּדֹ֤ל הַגִּבֹּר֙ וְהַנּוֹרָ֔א אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־יִשָּׂ֣א פָנִ֔ים וְלֹ֥א יִקַּ֖ח שֹֽׁחַד׃

For the ETERNAL your God is God supreme and Sovereign supreme, the great, the mighty, and the awesome God, who shows no favor and takes no bribe,

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Yoma 69b

יומא ס״ט ב — ד"ה וְהָא דְּרַב מַתְנָא מָטְיָיא לִדְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ

Yoma 69b:14

The Gemara relates that Yirmeyahu omitted "haNorah" because the nations of the world were not seen in a way that elicited awe, and Daniel later restored the phrase. This passage is central for understanding how "Norah" differs from "Gadol" in liturgical and theological terms.

וְהָא דְּרַב מַתְנָא מָטְיָיא לִדְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי. דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָן אַנְשֵׁי כְּנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה — שֶׁהֶחְזִירוּ עֲטָרָה לְיוֹשְׁנָהּ. אֲתָא מֹשֶׁה, אָמַר: ״הָאֵל הַגָּדוֹל הַגִּבּוֹר וְהַנּוֹרָא״. אֲתָא יִרְמְיָה וַאֲמַר: גּוֹיִם מְקַרְקְרִין בְּהֵיכָלוֹ, אַיֵּה נוֹרְאוֹתָיו? לָא אֲמַר ״נוֹרָא״. אֲתָא דָּנִיאֵל אֲמַר: גּוֹיִם מִשְׁתַּעְבְּדִים בְּבָנָיו, אַיֵּה גְּבוּרוֹתָיו? לָא אֲמַר ״גִּבּוֹר״. אֲתוֹ אִינְהוּ וְאָמְרוּ: אַדְּרַבָּה, זוֹ הִיא (גְּבוּרַת) גְּבוּרָתוֹ: שֶׁכּוֹבֵשׁ אֶת יִצְרוֹ — שֶׁנּוֹתֵן אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם לָרְשָׁעִים. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן נוֹרְאוֹתָיו — שֶׁאִלְמָלֵא מוֹרָאוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֵיאַךְ אוּמָּה אַחַת יְכוֹלָה לְהִתְקַיֵּים בֵּין הָאוּמּוֹת?

The Gemara comments: This interpretation that Rav Mattana said leans to, i.e., is consonant with, the exposition of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi. As Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: Why are the Sages of those generations called the members of the Great Assembly? It is because they returned the crown of the Holy One, Blessed be He, to its former glory. How so? Moses came and said in his prayer: “The great, the mighty, and the awesomeGod” (Deuteronomy 10:17). Jeremiah the prophet came and said: Gentiles, i.e., the minions of Nebuchadnezzar, are carousing in His sanctuary; where is His awesomeness? Therefore, he did not say awesome in his prayer: “The great God, the mighty Lord of Hosts, is His name” (Jeremiah 32:18). Daniel came and said: Gentiles are enslaving His children; where is His might? Therefore he did not say mighty in his prayer: “The great and awesome God” (Daniel 9:4). The members of the Great Assembly came and said: On the contrary, this is the might of His might, i.e., this is the fullest expression of it, that He conquers His inclination in that He exercises patience toward the wicked. God’s anger is flared by the gentile nations’ enslavement of His people, yet He expresses tremendous might by suppressing His anger and holding back from punishing them immediately. Therefore, it is still appropriate to refer to God as mighty. And these acts also express His awesomeness: Were it not for the awesomeness of the Holy One, Blessed be He, how could one people, i.e., the Jewish people, who are alone and hated by the gentile nations, survive among the nations?

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Berakhot 33b

ברכות ל״ג ב — ד"ה הַהוּא דִּנְחֵית קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא

Berakhot 33b:21

The Gemara discusses the formulation of the Amidah and explains why "haKel hagadol, haggibor, vehanora" is retained in prayer. It distinguishes between God's greatness and awesomeness in the context of whether human deeds diminish these descriptors.

הַהוּא דִּנְחֵית קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא, אֲמַר ״הָאֵל הַגָּדוֹל הַגִּבּוֹר וְהַנּוֹרָא וְהָאַדִּיר וְהָעִזּוּז וְהַיָּראוּי, הֶחָזָק וְהָאַמִּיץ וְהַוַּדַּאי וְהַנִּכְבָּד״. הִמְתִּין לוֹ עַד דְּסַיֵּים. כִּי סַיֵּים אֲמַר לֵיהּ: סַיֵּימְתִּינְהוּ לְכוּלְּהוּ שִׁבְחֵי דְמָרָךְ?! לְמָה לִי כּוּלֵּי הַאי? אֲנַן, הָנֵי תְּלָת דְּאָמְרִינַן אִי לָאו דְּאַמְרִינְהוּ מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ בְּאוֹרָיְיתָא, וַאֲתוֹ אַנְשֵׁי כְּנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה וְתַקְּנִינְהוּ בִּתְפִלָּה — לָא הֲוֵינַן יְכוֹלִין לְמֵימַר לְהוּ, וְאַתְּ אָמְרַתְּ כּוּלֵּי הַאי וְאָזְלַתְּ! מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁהָיוּ לוֹ אֶלֶף אֲלָפִים דִּינְרֵי זָהָב, וְהָיוּ מְקַלְּסִין אוֹתוֹ בְּשֶׁל כֶּסֶף. וַהֲלֹא גְּנַאי הוּא לוֹ!

With regard to additions to prayers formulated by the Sages, The Gemara relates that a particular individual descended before the ark as prayer leader in the presence of Rabbi Ḥanina. He extended his prayer and said: God, the great, mighty, awesome, powerful, mighty, awe-inspiring, strong, fearless, steadfast and honored. Rabbi Ḥanina waited for him until he completed his prayer. When he finished, Rabbi Ḥanina asked him: Have you concluded all of the praises of your Master? Why do I need all of this superfluous praise? Even these three praises that we recite: The great, mighty and awesome, had Moses our teacher not said them in the Torah and had the members of the Great Assembly not come and incorporated them into the Amida prayer, we would not be permitted to recite them. And you went on and recited all of these. It is comparable to a king who possessed many thousands of golden dinars, yet they were praising him for silver ones. Isn’t that deprecatory? All of the praises we could possibly lavish upon the Lord are nothing but a few silver dinars relative to many thousands of gold dinars. Reciting a litany of praise does not enhance God’s honor.

Source 4 · Rishonim
Verified

Sforno on Deuteronomy 10:17

Sforno on Deuteronomy 10:17

The Gadol is a divine quality that has no equal in the category or degree of His existence.

הָאֵל הַגָּדוֹל. שֶׁאֵין נִמְצָא שָׁוֶה לוֹ בְּמַדְרֵגַת מִין מְצִיאוּתוֹ.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh 25

ספר החינוך כ״ה — ד"ה דִּינֵי מִצְוָה זוֹ

Sefer HaChinukh 25:3

The Chinukh discusses the mitzvah and habit of remembering God's greatness and providence, training the heart toward fear of Heaven. It is useful for the practical inner work of translating divine attributes into avodah.

דִּינֵי מִצְוָה זוֹ, כְּגוֹן מַה שֶׁמְּחֻיָּב עָלֵינוּ לְהַאֲמִין עָלָיו שֶׁכָּל הַיְּכֹלֶת וְכָל הַגְּדֻלָּה וְהַגְּבוּרָה וְהַתִּפְאֶרֶת וְכָל הַהוֹד וְכָל הַבְּרָכָה וְכָל הַקִּיּוּם בּוֹ, וְשֶׁאֵין בָּנוּ כֹּחַ וְשֵׂכֶל לְהַשִּׂיג וּלְהַגִּיד גָּדְלוֹ וְטוּבוֹ, כִּי לְרֹב מַעֲלָתוֹ וְהוֹדוֹ לֹא יֻשַּׂג רַק לְעַצְמוֹ, וְלִשְׁלֹל מִמֶּנּוּ בְּכָל כֹּחֵנוּ כָּל חֶסְרוֹן וְכָל מָה שֶׁהוּא הֵפֶךְ כָּל שְׁלֵמוּת וְכָל מַעֲלָה. וְהָעִנְיָנִים הַיּוֹצְאִים מִזֶּה, כְּגוֹן לָדַעַת שֶׁהוּא נִמְצָא שָׁלֵם, בִּלְתִּי גּוּף וְלֹא כֹּחַ בְּגוּף, כִּי הַגּוּפִים יַשִּׂיגוּם הַחֶסְרוֹנוֹת, וְהוּא בָּרוּךְ הוּא לֹא יַשִּׂיגֵהוּ מִין מִמִּינֵי הַחֶסְרוֹן, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ. וּשְׁאָר דְּבָרִים רַבִּים הַנֶּאֱמָרִים בְּעִנְיָן זֶה, כֻּלָּם מְבֹאָרִים בְּסִפְרֵי יוֹדְעֵי חָכְמַת הָאֱלֹהוּת. אַשְׁרֵי הַזּוֹכִים אֵלֶיהָ, כִּי אָז יְקַיְּמוּ מִצְוָה זוֹ עַל בֻּרְיָהּ (הל' יסודי התורה פ"א).

The laws of this commandment — for example, that which it obligates us to believe about Him that all power and all greatness and strength and glory and all majesty and all blessing and all existence are in Him, and that we do not have the power or the intellect to grasp and to speak out His greatness and goodness, since His great virtue and majesty is only grasped by Himself; to deny about Him with all of our strength any lacking and anything that is the opposite of all perfections and all virtues, and the matters that come out from this, for example, to know that He is a perfect Being, without a body and not a power of a body, since deficiencies affect bodies, whereas He, may He be blessed, is not affected by any type of deficiency, as we have said; and all the many things about this matter — are all elucidated in the books of those that know the wisdom of theology. Happy are those that merit it, as they can then fulfill this commandment with clarity (Mishneh Torah, Laws of Foundations of the Torah 1).

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Guide for the Perplexed I:54

מורה נבוכים, חלק א' נ״ד — ד"ה ובכל עת שתושג פעולה מפעולותיו

Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 54:6

Rambam explains divine attributes in non-corporeal and analogical terms, helping frame why terms like "great" and "awesome" are human-language descriptions of God's governance rather than literal qualities.

ובכל עת שתושג פעולה מפעולותיו, יתואר הוא יתעלה בתואר שאותה פעולה יוצאת ממנו, וייקרא בשם הנגזר מאותה פעולה. לדוגמה: כשמושגת עדינות הנהגתו בהתהוות העובר, ויצירת כוחות בו ובמי שמגדל אותו לאחר לידתו, המונעים אותו מן המוות והאובדן ושומרים אותו מכל פגע, ומועילים לו בהתנהלותו ההכרחית – ופעולה כגון זו אצלנו לא תצא אלא לאחר היפעלות ורוך, והוא עניין הרחמים – נאמר עליו יתעלה 'רחום', כמו שנאמר "כְּרַחֵם אָב עַל בָּנִים [רִחַם ה' עַל יְרֵאָיו]" (תהילים קג,יג), ונאמר "וְחָמַלְתִּי עֲלֵיהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחְמֹל אִישׁ עַל בְּנוֹ" (מלאכי ג,יז). לא שהוא יתעלה נפעל ורך, אלא כדוגמת אותה פעולה שיצאה מן האב על הילד, שהיא תוצאה של רוך וחמלה והיפעלות בלבד, יצא ממנו יתעלה כלפי הקרובים לו לא כתוצאה מהיפעלות או שינוי. וכמו שכאשר אנו מעניקים משהו למי שאיננו חייבים לו, נקרא זה בלשוננו "חנינה", כמו שנאמר "חָנּוּנוּ אוֹתָם" (שופטים כא,כב), "אֲשֶׁר חָנַן אֱלֹהִים" (בראשית לג,ה), "כִּי חַנַּנִי אֱלֹהִים" (שם שם,יא) וכיוצא באלו הרבה. והוא יתעלה יוצר ומנהיג את מי שאינו חייב ליצור ולהנהיג אותו, ולכן נקרא 'חנון'. 8 וכן נמצא בפעולותיו היוצאות על בני האדם פגעים גדולים הנוחתים על אי אלו אנשים ומשמידים אותם, או פגע מקיף (מילולית: "עניין כללי") המכלה שבטים ואף אזורים שלמים, ונספים הבנים והנכדים ולא נשארים להם צאצאים, כמו שקיעות הקרקעות ורעידות האדמה והברקים הקטלניים, וכמו יציאת עם אחד כנגד אחרים להשמידם בחרב ולמחות את זכרם, ופעולות רבות כאלה שאינן יוצאות ממישהו מתוכנו אלא כתוצאה מכעס גדול או טינה עצומה או בקשת נקמת דם. ונקרא לפי פעולות אלו 'קנוא' ו'נוקם' ו'נוטר' ו'בעל חמה'. כלומר הפעולות שדוגמתן יוצאות מתוכנו כתוצאה מתכונה נפשית כמו קנאה או שאיפה לנקמת דם או שנאה או כעס, יוצאות ממנו יתעלה לפי מה שהתחייבו אלה שנענשו, ובשום אופן לא מהיפעלות שלו, יתעלה מכל חסרון. וכך הפעולות כולן הן פעולות הדומות לפעולות היוצאות מבני האדם כתוצאה מהיפעלות ותכונה נפשית, והן יוצאות ממנו יתעלה, ולא משום דבר נוסף על עצמותו. מנהיג המדינה ההולך בעקבות דרכי ה' 9 וראוי למנהיג המדינה, אם הוא נביא, שיידמה באותם תארים, ויצאו ממנו אותן פעולות בשיקול וכפי הדין, לא מתוך היפעלות בלבד. ולא יתיר את רצועת הכעס ולא יאפשר את ההיפעלויות אצלו, משום שכל היפעלות היא רעה. אלא יישמר מהן כפי יכולת האדם, ויהיה לעתים וכלפי חלק מהאנשים רחום וחנון, לא מרוך וחמלה בלבד אלא כפי הראוי; ויהיה לעתים וכלפי חלק מהאנשים נוקם ונוטר ובעל חמה כפי הראוי להם ולא רק מתוך כעס, עד שיצווה לשרוף אדם מבלי שהוא כועס עליו ולא רוגז עליו ולא שונא אותו, אלא כפי מה שייראה לו מן הדין. ויכוון לתועלת הגדולה שתיגרם מן הפעולה הזו בציבור הרחב.

Whenever any one of His actions is perceived by us, we ascribe to God that emotion which is the source of the act when performed by ourselves, and call Him by an epithet which is formed from the verb expressing that emotion. We see, e.g., how well He provides for the life of the embryo of living beings; how He endows with certain faculties both the embryo itself and those who have to rear it after its birth, in order that it may be protected from death and destruction, guarded against all harm, and assisted in the performance of all that is required [for its development]. Similar acts, when performed by us, are due to a certain emotion and tenderness called mercy and pity. God is, therefore, said to be merciful: e.g., “Like as a father is merciful to his children, so the Lord is merciful to them that fear Him” (Ps. 103:13); “And I will spare them, as a man spareth (yaḥamol) his own son that serveth him” (Mal. 3:17). Such instances do not imply that God is influenced by a feeling of mercy, but that acts similar to those which a father performs for his son, out of pity, mercy and real affection, emanate from God solely for the benefit of His pious men, and are by no means the result of any impression or change—[produced in God].—When we give something to a person who has no claim upon us, we perform an act of grace; e.g., “Grant them graciously unto us” (Judges 21:22). [The same term is used in reference to God, e.g.] “which God hath graciously given” (Gen. 33:5); “Because God hath dealt graciously with me” (ib. 11). Instances of this kind are numerous. God creates and guides beings who have no claim upon Him to be created and guided by Him; He is therefore called gracious (ḥannun)—His actions towards mankind also include great calamities, which overtake individuals and bring death to them, or affect whole families and even entire regions, spread death, destroy generation after generation, and spare nothing whatsoever. Hence there occur inundations, earthquakes, destructive storms, expeditions of one nation against the other for the sake of destroying it with the sword and blotting out its memory, and many other evils of the same kind. Whenever such evils are caused by us to any person, they originate in great anger, violent jealousy, or a desire for revenge. God is therefore called, because of these acts, “jealous,” “revengeful,” “wrathful,” and “keeping anger” (Nah. 1:2) that is to say, He performs acts similar to those which, when performed by us, originate in certain psychical dispositions, in jealousy, desire for retaliation, revenge, or anger: they are in accordance with the guilt of those who are to be punished, and not the result of any emotion: for He is above all defect! The same is the case with all divine acts: though resembling those acts which emanate from our passions and psychical dispositions, they are not due to anything superadded to His essence. The governor of a country, if he is a prophet, should conform to these attributes. Acts [of punishment] must be performed by him moderately and in accordance with justice, not merely as an outlet of his passion. He must not let loose his anger, nor allow his passion to overcome him: for all passions are bad, and they must be guarded against as far as it lies in man’s power. At times and towards some persons he must be merciful and gracious, not only from motives of mercy and compassion, but according to their merits: at other times and towards other persons he must evince anger, revenge, and wrath in proportion to their guilt, but not from motives of passion. He must be able to condemn a person to death by fire without anger, passion, or loathing against him, and must exclusively be guided by what he perceives of the guilt of the person, and by a sense of the great benefit which a large number will derive from such a sentence.

Source 7 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 49

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים מ״ט — ד"ה וְאֵיךְ יָבֹא הָאָדָם הַחוּמְרִי לְמִדָּה זוֹ

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 49:8

This chapter develops ahavah and yirah as two distinct forms of relationship to God, with love drawing one near and awe creating self-nullification and restraint. It helps articulate the functional difference between 'Gadol' and 'Norah' in divine service.

וְאֵיךְ יָבֹא הָאָדָם הַחוּמְרִי לְמִדָּה זוֹ? לְכָךְ, סִידְּרוּ תְּחִלָּה – בִּרְכַּת ״יוֹצֵר אוֹר״, וְשָׁם נֶאֱמַר וְנִשְׁנָה בַּאֲרִיכוּת עִנְיַן וְסֵדֶר הַמַּלְאָכִים ״הָעוֹמְדִים בְּרוּם עוֹלָם״, לְהוֹדִיעַ גְּדוּלָּתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ־בָּרוּךְ־הוּא, אֵיךְ שֶׁכּוּלָּם בְּטֵלִים לְאוֹרוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ, ״וּמַשְׁמִיעִים בְּיִרְאָה כוּ׳, וּמַקְדִּישִׁים כוּ׳, וְאוֹמְרִים בְּיִרְאָה קָדוֹשׁ כוּ׳״, כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁהוּא מוּבְדָּל מֵהֶן וְאֵינוֹ מִתְלַבֵּשׁ בָּהֶן בִּבְחִינַת גִּילּוּי, אֶלָּא, ״מְלֹא כָל הָאָרֶץ כְּבוֹדוֹ״ – הִיא כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמַעְלָה וְיִשְׂרָאֵל לְמַטָּה, כַּנִּזְכָּר לְעֵיל. וְאַחַר־כָּךְ בְּרָכָה שְׁנִיָּה: – ״אַהֲבַת עוֹלָם אֲהַבְתָּנוּ ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ״, כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁהִנִּיחַ כָּל צְבָא מַעְלָה הַקְּדוֹשִׁים, וְהִשְׁרָה שְׁכִינָתוֹ עָלֵינוּ, לִהְיוֹת נִקְרָא ״אֱלֹהֵינוּ״, כְּמוֹ ״אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם כוּ׳״ כַּנִּזְכָּר לְעֵיל. וְהַיְינוּ, כִּי אַהֲבָה דּוֹחֶקֶת הַבָּשָׂר, וְלָכֵן נִקְרָא ״אַהֲבַת עוֹלָם״ – שֶׁהִיא בְּחִינַת צִמְצוּם אוֹרוֹ הַגָּדוֹל הַבִּלְתִּי תַכְלִית, לְהִתְלַבֵּשׁ בִּבְחִינַת גְּבוּל הַנִּקְרָא ״עוֹלָם״, בַּעֲבוּר אַהֲבַת עַמּוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּדֵי לְקָרְבָם אֵלָיו, לִיכָּלֵל בְּיִחוּדוֹ וְאַחְדּוּתוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ.

But how can physical man attain to this level? It is, therefore, to this end that the blessing of Yotzer Or was introduced first, for [in this blessing] there is said and repeated at length the account and order of the angels “standing in the heights of the universe” in order to proclaim the greatness of the Holy One, blessed is He—how all of them are nullified in His light, blessed be He, and “proclaim in awe…and hallow…declaring in reverence, ‘Holy…’” meaning that He is apart from them, and He does not clothe Himself in them in a “revealed” state, but “the whole earth is full of His glory,” namely, the community of Israel above and Israel below, as has been explained earlier. Then follows the second blessing, “With an everlasting love You have loved us, L–rd, our G–d.” That is to say that He set aside all the supernal, holy hosts and caused His Shechinah to dwell upon us, so that He be called “our G–d,” in the same sense that He is called “the G–d of Abraham,” as explained earlier. This is because “love impels the flesh.” Therefore it is called ahavat olam (“worldly love”), for this is the so-called “contraction” of His great and infinite light, taking on the garb of finitude, which is called olam (“world”), for the sake of the love of His people Israel, in order to bring them near to Him, that they might be absorbed into His Unity and Oneness, blessed be He.

Source 8 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים מ״א — ד"ה דְּהַיְינוּ

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41:2

The Alter Rebbe describes yirah as rooted in awareness of God's kingship and the shame of standing before Him, complementing love and reverence. This is relevant to the practical avodah of internalizing God's greatness and awe.

דְּהַיְינוּ, לְהִתְבּוֹנֵן בְּמַחֲשַׁבְתּוֹ עַל כָּל פָּנִים גְּדוּלַּת אֵין־סוֹף בָּרוּךְ־הוּא, וּמַלְכוּתוֹ אֲשֶׁר הִיא ״מַלְכוּת כָּל עוֹלָמִים״ – עֶלְיוֹנִים וְתַחְתּוֹנִים, וְאִיהוּ ״מְמַלֵּא כָּל עָלְמִין״ וְ״סוֹבֵב כָּל עָלְמִין״, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב: ״הֲלֹא אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת הָאָרֶץ אֲנִי מָלֵא״, וּמַנִּיחַ הָעֶלְיוֹנִים וְתַחְתּוֹנִים, וּמְיַיחֵד מַלְכוּתוֹ עַל עַמּוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּכְלָל, וְעָלָיו בִּפְרָט, כִּי חַיָּיב אָדָם לוֹמַר: ״בִּשְׁבִילִי נִבְרָא הָעוֹלָם״, וְהוּא גַם הוּא מְקַבֵּל עָלָיו מַלְכוּתוֹ, לִהְיוֹת מֶלֶךְ עָלָיו, וּלְעָבְדוֹ וְלַעֲשׂוֹת רְצוֹנוֹ בְּכָל מִינֵי עֲבוֹדַת עָבֶד. וְהִנֵּה ה׳ נִצָּב עָלָיו, וּ״מְלֹא כָל הָאָרֶץ כְּבוֹדוֹ״, וּמַבִּיט עָלָיו, וּבוֹחֵן כְּלָיוֹת וָלֵב אִם עוֹבְדוֹ כָּרָאוּי. וְעַל כֵּן צָרִיךְ לַעֲבוֹד לְפָנָיו בְּאֵימָה וּבְיִרְאָה, כְּעוֹמֵד לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ.

This means that he should at least contemplate in his thought on the greatness of the En Sof, blessed is He, and on His Kingship, which extends to all worlds, both higher and lower, and that “He fills all worlds and encompasses all worlds,” as is written, “Do I not fill heaven and earth?” Yet He leaves both the higher and lower [worlds] and uniquely bestows His Kingdom upon His people Israel, in general, and upon him in particular, as, indeed, a man is obliged to say, “For my sake was the world created.” And on his part, he accepts His Kingdom upon himself, that He be King over him, to serve Him and do His will in all kinds of servile work. “And, behold, G–d stands over him,” and “The whole world is full of His glory,” and He looks upon him and “Searches his reins and heart” [to see] if he is serving Him as is fitting. Therefore he must serve in His presence with awe and fear like one standing before the king.

Source 9 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41:3

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים מ״א — ד"ה וְהִנֵּה ה׳ נִצָּב עָלָיו

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41:3

God stands over a person and surveys the entire earth with His glory, examining the kidneys and heart to determine if one serves Him properly; therefore one must serve Him with awe and fear, as one would stand before a king.

וְהִנֵּה ה׳ נִצָּב עָלָיו, וּ״מְלֹא כָל הָאָרֶץ כְּבוֹדוֹ״, וּמַבִּיט עָלָיו, וּבוֹחֵן כְּלָיוֹת וָלֵב אִם עוֹבְדוֹ כָּרָאוּי. וְעַל כֵּן צָרִיךְ לַעֲבוֹד לְפָנָיו בְּאֵימָה וּבְיִרְאָה, כְּעוֹמֵד לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ.

Source 10 · Modern
Verified

Ein Aya, Berakhot 9:312

עין איה, ברכות ט׳:שי״ב (ברכות נ״ח ע״א) — ד"ה במתניתא תנא משמיה דר"ע לך ד'

Ein Aya, Berakhot 9:312

Greatness and might differ in both quantity and quality: greatness is recognized when an action expands widely, while might is recognized in an action within a narrow sphere that nonetheless requires overcoming many obstacles and exerting numerous forces.

הבדל שבין גדולה וגבורה יתואר ג"כ בכמות ואיכות. כשרואים התפשטות הפעולה הגדולה הננו מכירים גדולה, כשאנו מכירים פעולה בחוג שהוא אינו גדול בהתפשטותו, אבל יש בו הרבה ענינים שצריך לפעול בכולם להפך כחות רבים, זהו גבורה.

Source 11 · Modern
Verified

Middot HaRaayah, Yirah

מידות הראי"ה, יראה

Middot HaRa'ayah, Awe

Rav Kook's treatment of yirah describes awe as an elevating force that preserves moral and spiritual sensitivity. It can frame why recognizing God as 'Norah' has practical consequences in character and devotion.

מקור יראת ד' הוא מצטייר בעומק הנשמה, מפני ההרכבה הנפלאה של שני ההפכים אשר בהשגחה האלהית: העדר הידיעה המוחלטת במהות האלהות, וודאות הידיעה במציאות השלמה. והתמזגות נפלאה של שני ערכים אדיריים הפכיים מאיימת היא מאד.