Machshavaמחשבה

Women in Professional Life and Medicine

Jewish sources address the spiritual dignity and vocational agency of women, the permissibility of women engaging in skilled work and public service, and the halakhic boundaries governing interaction between men and women in professional contexts. The sources distinguish between general prohibitions on seclusion or immodest conduct and any blanket restriction on women practicing medicine or holding careers.

שֶׁלֹּא נִמָּנַע מִלְּהַצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל

24 sources · 18 verified

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What the sources say

The question of women pursuing medicine and careers involving interaction with men touches several distinct halachic and philosophical issues that must be examined separately.

Women's engagement in professional work

The portrait of the ideal woman in Mishlei 31:10–31 depicts her engaging in commerce, acquiring property, producing cloth for sale, and dealing with merchants — presenting active economic and professional life as intrinsic to feminine virtue rather than contrary to it.

העמק דבר, דברים י יא identifies women, slaves, and minors as a distinct category within Israel whose divine charge is to act 'for good' in sustaining the world (ישוב עולם), a role that implies active engagement with material and social life rather than withdrawal from it.

רבינו יונה, אגרת התשובה יח-כ צה praises women who exert themselves in their labor — even working harder by day and night than they otherwise would — in order to contribute to charity, describing the reward of 'toil of one's hands' as exceedingly great and framing such industriousness as a form of spiritual service.

Contemporary Halakhic Problems, Vol III, Part I, Chapter V Women states explicitly that while Judaism assigns men and women differing obligations and modes of religious expression, this role differentiation does not reflect any denigration of women's spiritual capacities, and the demands halakhah makes of women are no less significant than those made of men.

Contemporary Halakhic Problems, Vol IV, Chapter VI Returning from Missions of Mercy on the Sabbath notes the marked increase in observant young men and women entering medicine as a profession and frames their commitment to rendering the best possible medical care alongside meticulous observance as a genuine and recognized religious challenge, implicitly affirming the legitimacy of women in medical careers.

רש"ר הירש, במדבר ל ג offers a contrasting perspective, describing the woman's role as one of cultivating and developing a life-position established by others rather than charting entirely new courses — a view that frames the feminine vocation in more domestic terms, though it does not explicitly prohibit professional engagement.

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Yichud (seclusion with men)

The Gemara in Kiddushin 82a rules that a man whose professional dealings are primarily with women may not be secluded with them, and one should not teach his son a trade that necessitates frequent interaction with women — establishing that regular professional proximity to the opposite sex intensifies the concern of yichud rather than automatically permitting it.

Sulam on Zohar, Bereishit I 446 states plainly that it is forbidden for a man to be secluded with a woman alone unless her husband is present, grounding this prohibition in the narrative of the primordial sin — where the serpent exploited seclusion to bring Eve to act against the divine command.

Sefer HaYirah 236 adds that it is proper to be cautious even in an open doorway facing a public domain, and to avoid sitting alone with even one woman — indicating that the concern applies even in settings that are not fully private.

Rav Gavriel Zinner (Nitei Gavriel, Yichud, perek 43) cites the Radva"z's ruling that in situations where women work in non-Jewish households, men and women engaged in needlework should sit separately rather than at the same table — applying yichud precautions specifically to a professional working context.

Rav Gavriel Zinner (Nitei Gavriel, Yichud, perek 46) rules, citing several halakhic authorities, that a practitioner engaged in professional practice — such as a Jewish physician treating a woman — is permitted physical contact that would otherwise be prohibited, because professional preoccupation mitigates the concern; and there is a recognized custom for a Jewish child to be treated by a Jewish physician even when a woman is involved.

Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Shut HaRav HaRashi 42:19) similarly holds that there is no concern of improper intimacy between a physician and a patient, and that a physician absorbed in his professional task ('בעבידתיה טריד') is permitted to touch the patient, with some authorities adding that wherever the intent is entirely for the sake of heaven, it is permitted.

Mesillat Yesharim 13 cautions that separation (perishut) itself has two forms — a commanded form and an excessive form that one is warned against stumbling into, citing King Shlomo's injunction 'do not be overly righteous' — a principle relevant to assessing how far yichud restrictions extend in necessary professional contexts.

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Kol isha (hearing a woman's voice)

The Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Issurei Bi'ah 21:2) rules that even hearing the voice of an ervah is forbidden, placing kol isha within a broader catalogue of prohibited interactions — including glancing even at a woman's small finger with intent to derive pleasure — all of which render a person suspect of grave transgression.

Sefer Chasidim 313 invokes the principle that 'a woman's voice is ervah' in a teaching about a father's instruction of his daughter, counseling that a teacher should not be alone with a female student even with a guardian present, lest desire overcome either party — and it contrasts this with the Shunamite woman's practice of attending Elisha's public discourses on Shabbat and Rosh Chodesh, which was evidently permitted.

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Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Genesis 1:27-28

בראשית א׳:כ״ז-כ״ח

Genesis 1:27-28

The creation of woman and man in the divine image, together with the shared mandate to develop and steward the world, supplies a foundational account of human dignity, agency, and productive vocation that applies to women as well as men.

וַיִּבְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ אֶת־הָֽאָדָם֙ בְּצַלְמ֔וֹ בְּצֶ֥לֶם אֱלֹהִ֖ים בָּרָ֣א אֹת֑וֹ זָכָ֥ר וּנְקֵבָ֖ה בָּרָ֥א אֹתָֽם׃ וַיְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹתָם֮ אֱלֹהִים֒ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר לָהֶ֜ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים פְּר֥וּ וּרְב֛וּ וּמִלְא֥וּ אֶת־הָאָ֖רֶץ וְכִבְשֻׁ֑הָ וּרְד֞וּ בִּדְגַ֤ת הַיָּם֙ וּבְע֣וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וּבְכׇל־חַיָּ֖ה הָֽרֹמֶ֥שֶׂת עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃

And God created humankind in the divine image, creating it in the image of God— creating them male and female. God blessed them and God said to them, “Be fertile and increase, fill the earth and master it; and rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, and all the living things that creep on earth.”

See also

  • Genesis 2:18-25unverifiedFiled under: Creation of Male and Female Humanity
  • Genesis 5:2unverifiedFiled under: Creation of Male and Female Humanity
  • Psalms 139:5unverifiedFiled under: Creation of Male and Female Humanity
Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Proverbs 31:10-31

משלי ל״א:י׳-ל״א

Proverbs 31:10-31

The eshet chayil is portrayed as economically active, entrepreneurial, skilled in commerce and crafts, and publicly beneficial to her household and community; the passage presents productive work as compatible with feminine virtue.

דָּ֭רְשָׁה צֶ֣מֶר וּפִשְׁתִּ֑ים וַ֝תַּ֗עַשׂ בְּחֵ֣פֶץ כַּפֶּֽיהָ׃ הָ֭יְתָה כׇּאֳנִיּ֣וֹת סוֹחֵ֑ר מִ֝מֶּרְחָ֗ק תָּבִ֥יא לַחְמָֽהּ׃ זָמְמָ֣ה שָׂ֭דֶה וַתִּקָּחֵ֑הוּ מִפְּרִ֥י כַ֝פֶּ֗יהָ (נטע) [נָ֣טְעָה] כָּֽרֶם׃ חָֽגְרָ֣ה בְע֣וֹז מׇתְנֶ֑יהָ וַ֝תְּאַמֵּ֗ץ זְרוֹעֹתֶֽיהָ׃ טָ֭עֲמָה כִּי־ט֣וֹב סַחְרָ֑הּ לֹא־יִכְבֶּ֖ה (בליל) [בַלַּ֣יְלָה] נֵרָֽהּ׃ סָדִ֣ין עָ֭שְׂתָה וַתִּמְכֹּ֑ר וַ֝חֲג֗וֹר נָתְנָ֥ה לַֽכְּנַעֲנִֽי׃

ד She looks for wool and flax, And sets her hand to them with a will. ה She is like a merchant fleet, Bringing her food from afar. ז She sets her mind on an estate and acquires it; She plants a vineyard by her own labors. ח She girds herself with strength, And performs her tasks with vigor. ט She sees that her business thrives; Her lamp never goes out at night. ס She makes cloth and sells it, And offers a girdle to the merchant.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Exodus 15:20-21

שמות ט״ו

Exodus 15:20

Miriam is presented as a prophetess and leader who guides the women of Israel in song and communal religious expression, illustrating women's public spiritual contribution.

וַתִּקַּח֩ מִרְיָ֨ם הַנְּבִיאָ֜ה אֲח֧וֹת אַהֲרֹ֛ן אֶת־הַתֹּ֖ף בְּיָדָ֑הּ וַתֵּצֶ֤אןָ כׇֽל־הַנָּשִׁים֙ אַחֲרֶ֔יהָ בְּתֻפִּ֖ים וּבִמְחֹלֹֽת׃

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Kiddushin 82a

קידושין פ״ב א — ד"ה מַתְנִי׳ כֹּל שֶׁעֲסָקָיו עִם הַנָּשִׁים לֹא

Kiddushin 82a:6

The Mishnah discusses occupations, communal needs, and the value of professional competence, including the importance of teaching one's child a trade. It is relevant to work and vocation, though it does not specifically discuss women physicians.

מַתְנִי׳ כֹּל שֶׁעֲסָקָיו עִם הַנָּשִׁים לֹא יִתְיַחֵד עִם הַנָּשִׁים, וְלֹא יְלַמֵּד אָדָם אֶת בְּנוֹ אוּמָּנוּת הַנָּשִׁים. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: לְעוֹלָם יְלַמֵּד אָדָם אֶת בְּנוֹ אוּמָּנוּת נְקִיָּה וְקַלָּה, וְיִתְפַּלֵּל לְמִי שֶׁהָעוֹשֶׁר וְהַנְּכָסִים שֶׁלּוֹ. שֶׁאֵין אוּמָּנוּת שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ עֲנִיּוּת וַעֲשִׁירוּת, שֶׁלֹּא עֲנִיּוּת מִן הָאוּמָּנוּת, וְלֹא עֲשִׁירוּת מִן הָאוּמָּנוּת, אֶלָּא הַכֹּל לְפִי זְכוּתוֹ. גְּמָ׳ תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: כׇּל שֶׁעֲסָקָיו עִם הַנָּשִׁים – סוֹרוֹ רַע, כְּגוֹן הַצּוֹרְפִים, וְהַסָּרֵיקִים, וְהַנָּקוֹרוֹת, וְהָרוֹכְלִין, וְהַגַּרְדִּיִּים, וְהַסַּפָּרִים וְהַכּוֹבְסִים, וְהַגָּרָע, וְהַבַּלָּן, וְהַבּוּרְסְקִי – אֵין מַעֲמִידִים מֵהֶם לֹא מֶלֶךְ וְלֹא כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל. מַאי טַעְמָא? לָא מִשּׁוּם דִּפְסִילִי, אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם דְּזִיל אוּמָּנוּתַיְהוּ.

MISHNA: Anyone who has professional dealings primarily with women may not be secluded with women. There is more of a concern that such a man might sin due to his familiarity with the women. And a person may not teach his son a trade that necessitates frequent interaction with women, for the same reason. With regard to teaching one’s son a trade, Rabbi Meir says: A person should always teach his son a clean and easy trade and pray for success to the One to Whom wealth and property belong, as ultimately there is no trade that does not include both poverty and wealth, since a person can become rich from any profession. Poverty does not come from a particular trade, nor does wealth come from a particular trade, but rather, all is in accordance with a person’s merit. Therefore, one should choose a clean and easy trade, and pray to God for success. GEMARA: The Sages taught: With regard to anyone who has professional dealings primarily with women, his practice and company are bad, and it is best to keep away from him. This category includes, for example, the smiths, and the carders, and the fixers of hand mills of women, and the peddlers of jewelry and perfume to women, and the weavers [gardiyyim], and the barbers, and the launderers, and the bloodletter, and the bathhouse attendant [ballan], and the tanner [burseki]. One may not appoint from among those who have these professions neither a king nor a High Priest. What is the reason for this? It is not because they are disqualified, since there is nothing wrong with these jobs, but because their trades are demeaning, and they would not be respected when appointed to a position of authority.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 21:1-2

משנה תורה, הלכות איסורי ביאה כ״א

Mishneh Torah, Forbidden Intercourse 21:2

Rambam codifies restrictions involving sexually charged conduct, seclusion, and immodest behavior. These are the relevant halakhic boundaries for mixed workplaces, distinct from a general ban on women practicing medicine or holding careers.

הָעוֹשֶׂה דָּבָר מֵחֻקּוֹת אֵלּוּ הֲרֵי הוּא חָשׁוּד עַל הָעֲרָיוֹת. וְאָסוּר לָאָדָם לִקְרֹץ בְּיָדָיו וּבְרַגְלָיו אוֹ לִרְמֹז בְּעֵינָיו לְאַחַת מִן הָעֲרָיוֹת אוֹ לִשְׂחֹק עִמָּהּ אוֹ לְהָקֵל רֹאשׁ. וַאֲפִלּוּ לְהָרִיחַ בְּשָׂמִים שֶׁעָלֶיהָ אוֹ לְהַבִּיט בְּיָפְיָהּ אָסוּר. וּמַכִּין לַמִּתְכַּוֵּן לְדָבָר זֶה מַכַּת מַרְדּוּת. וְהַמִּסְתַּכֵּל אֲפִלּוּ בְּאֶצְבַּע קְטַנָּה שֶׁל אִשָּׁה וְנִתְכַּוֵּן לֵהָנוֹת כְּמִי שֶׁנִּסְתַּכֵּל בִּמְקוֹם הַתֹּרֶף. וַאֲפִלּוּ לִשְׁמֹעַ קוֹל הָעֶרְוָה אוֹ לִרְאוֹת שְׂעָרָהּ אָסוּר:

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaChinukh 237

ספר החינוך רל״ז — ד"ה שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲמֹד עַל דַּם רֵעִים –

Sefer HaChinukh 237:1

The mitzvah of not standing over the blood of one's neighbor obligates a person to save the life of an Israelite from death or destruction when one has the ability to do so—whether by direct intervention, hiring others, or providing testimony—and this obligation applies equally to men and women in all times and places.

שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲמֹד עַל דַּם רֵעִים – שֶׁלֹּא נִמָּנַע מִלְּהַצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל כְּשֶׁנִּרְאֵהוּ בְּסַכָּנַת הַמִּיתָה וְהָאֲבֵדָה וְיִהְיֶה לָנוּ יְכֹלֶת לְהַצִּילוֹ בְּשׁוּם צַד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט טז) לֹא תַעֲמֹד עַל דַּם רֵעֶךָ. וְאָמְרִינַן בְּסַנְהֶדְרִין (עג א) תַּנְיָא מִנַּיִן לָרוֹאֶה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁטּוֹבֵעַ בַּנָּהָר אוֹ חַיָּה גּוֹרַרְתּוֹ אוֹ לִסְטִים בָּאִים עָלָיו שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב לְהַצִּילוֹ בְּנַפְשׁוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לֹא תַעֲמֹד עַל דַּם רֵעֶךָ. וְלָא מִבָּעֲיָא אַצּוֹלֵה בְּנַפְשֵׁהּ דְּמִחַיַּב, אֶלָּא מִטְרָח וּמֵיגַר נָמֵי אֲגִירֵי חַיָּב, וְעוֹד כָּלְלוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ ז"ל בְּאַזְהָרָה זוֹ שֶׁלֹּא לִכְבֹּשׁ עֵדוּת כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יְאַבֵּד חֲבֵרוֹ מָמוֹן. וְכֵן הוּא בַּסִּפְרָא (סדר קדושים ד ח) מִנַּיִן שֶׁאִם נוֹדַע לוֹ עֵדוּת שֶׁאֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי לִשְׁתֹּק עָלֶיהָ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְלֹא תַעֲמֹד עַל דַּם רֵעֶךָ. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁאִם רְאִיתוֹ טוֹבֵעַ בַּנָּהָר וכו'. וּמִנַּיִן לְרוֹדֵף אַחַר חֲבֵרוֹ לְהָרְגוֹ, שֶׁאַתָּה חַיָּב לְהַצִּילוֹ בְּנַפְשׁוֹ? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לֹא תַעֲמֹד וְגוֹ'. שֹׁרֶשׁ מִצְוָה זוֹ יָדוּעַ, כִּי כְּמוֹ שֶׁיַּצִּיל הָאֶחָד אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ כֵּן חֲבֵרוֹ יַצִּיל אוֹתוֹ וְיִתְיַשֵּׁב הָעוֹלָם בְּכָךְ, וְהָאֵל חָפֵץ בְּיִשּׁוּבוֹ כִּי לָשֶׁבֶת יְצָרָהּ, וּכְבָר נִתְבָּאֲרוּ דִּינֵי מִצְוָה זוֹ בְּמַסֶּכֶת סַנְהֶדְרִין (עג א). וְנוֹהֶגֶת בְּכָל מָקוֹם וּבְכָל זְמַן בִּזְכָרִים וּנְקֵבוֹת. וְהָעוֹבֵר עָלֶיהָ וְנִמְנַע מִלְּהַצִּיל וְיֵשׁ יְכֹלֶת בְּיָדוֹ עָבַר עַל לָאו, וְאֵין לוֹקִין עָלָיו לְפִי שֶׁהוּא לָאו שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה, דְּקַיְמָא לַן אֵין לוֹקִין עָלָיו.

To not stand over the blood of neighbors: That we not refrain from saving the soul of an Israelite when we see him in danger of death and destruction and we have the ability to save him from any side, as it is stated (Leviticus 19:16), “you shall not stand over the blood of your neighbor.” And we say in Sanhedrin 73a, “We learn, ‘From where [do we know] about one who sees his fellow drowning in a river, or being dragged away by a wild animal, or [that there are] bandits coming against him, that he is obligated to save him with his life? As it is stated, “you shall not stand over the blood of your neighbor.”’ It is not needed that he is obligated with his life, but he is also obligated to tarry and hire [others to do so].” And our Rabbis, may their memory be blessed, also included in this warning (negative commandment) not to suppress testimony so that his fellow not lose money. And so is it in Sifra, Kedoshim, Chapter 4:8, “From where [do we know] that if testimony is known to him that he is not permitted to remain silent about it? As it is stated, ‘you shall not stand over the blood of your neighbor.’ And from where [do we know] if you see someone drowning in the river, etc. And from where [do we know about] one pursuing his fellow to kill him, that you are obligated to rescue him with [the soul of the pursuer]? As it is stated, ‘you shall not stand, etc.’” The root of this commandment is well-known — as [just] like one will save his fellow, so [too,] will his fellow save him. And the world will be inhabited like this, and God desires its habitation, as ‘He created it to be inhabited.’ And the laws of this commandment have already been elucidated in Tractate Sanhedrin. And it is practiced in every place and at all times by males and females. And one who transgresses it and refrains from saving [a Jew in danger] and has the ability [to do so] has violated this negative commandment. But we do not administer lashes for it, since it is a negative commandment that does not have an act [involved] with it — and it is established for us that we do not administer lashes [in such a case].

Source 7 · Rishonim
attested

רבינו יונה, אגרת התשובה יח-כ עב

רבינו יונה, אגרת התשובה יח-כ עב

Women are commanded first because they send their sons to school, watch over them to engage in Torah study, show compassion when they return, draw their hearts toward Torah through good words so they desire it, guard them from abandoning it, and teach them fear of sin in childhood—thus modest women surround Torah and fear of Heaven.

...ולמה נצטוה לדבר עם הנשים תחילה, מפני שהן שולחות בניהן לבית הספר, ומשימות עיניהן עליהם שיתעסקו בתורה ומרחמות עליהם בבואם מבית הספר, ומושכות לבם בדברים טובים כדי שיהיו חפצים בתורה, ושומרות אותם שלא יבטלו מהתורה, ומלמדין אותם יראת חטא בילדותם, שנאמר (משלי כ"ב ו') "חנוך לנער על פי דרכו גם כי יזקין לא יסור ממנה", ונמצא לפי זה הנשים הצנועות מסבבות התורה והיראה.

Source 8 · Rishonim
attested

רבינו יונה, אגרת התשובה יח-כ צה

רבינו יונה, אגרת התשובה יח-כ צה

The passage describes how worthy and modest women should undertake charitable work—collecting funds from townspeople each week to support the poor's clothing and sustenance—and emphasizes that such women will labor diligently day and night, finding joy and spiritual elevation in this work of tzedakah, viewing their labor as producing myrrh for sacred purposes.

ראוי לנשים הנכבדות והצנועות להעמיד עליהם מצוות, ולזכות בנות העיר, לכן יצא דבר צדק מלפניהן ויבחרו להם אשה טובה ונאמנה לגבות פרוטות למלבושי העניים, או להחיות עם רב להשביע נפש שוקקה, ותתן פרוטה בכל שבוע ושבוע כל אשה העושה מלאכה ואשר כח בה לעמוד בתקנה הזאת... ותטרח בימים ובלילות יותר על אשר היתה טורחת יום יום כדי להרויח אותה פרוטה שנותנת לצדקה, ששכר יגיעת כפים עצום ורב מאוד. ותשמח האשה במלאכתה, ותנשה את כל עמלה בעבודה ההיא אשר תרים ממנו תרומת הצדקה, וידמה בעיניה בעת המלאכה כאילו ידיה נוטפות מור...

Source 9 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer Chasidim 313

ספר חסידים, שיג

Sefer Chasidim 313

A man may not teach a daughter Torah directly, even with her father present guarding against seclusion, because of concern that desire might overcome him or her and because a woman's voice is considered ערוה; rather, the father should teach his daughter and wife, though the precedent of the Shunamit hearing a derasha from Elisha suggests women may attend public teachings on festivals and the Sabbath.

טפכם נשיכם וגרך אשר בקרב מחניך מחטב עציך עד שואב מימיך כדי שידעו עבדים ושפחות פסקי המצות מה לעשות ומה שלא לעשות אבל לא יתכן לבחור ללמוד לבנות ואפילו האב עומד שם ושומר פן יתייחד לא יתכן פן יתגבר יצרו עליה או יצרה עליו וקול באשה ערוה אלא האב ילמוד בתו ואשתו והשונמית הולכת ושומעת הדרשה מפי אלישע שהרי אמר מדוע את הולכת אליו היום לא חדש ולא שבת מכלל דבחדש ושבת הולכת:

Source 10 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaYirah:236

רבינו יונה, ספר היראה

Sefer HaYirah:236

One should be careful even in an open doorway in a public place against sitting alone with a single woman.

וטוב ליזהר אפילו בפתח פתוח לרשות הרבים משבת עם אשה אחת.

Source 11 · Acharonim
Verified

Mesillat Yesharim 13

מסילת ישרים י״ג — ד"ה אַךְ הָעִנְיָן הוּא כִּי וַדַּאי חִלּוּקִים

Mesillat Yesharim 13:17

The discussion of separation and appropriate restraint distinguishes disciplined avoidance of temptation from unnecessary withdrawal from legitimate responsibilities. It offers a framework for evaluating professional environments through intention, boundaries, and self-control.

אַךְ הָעִנְיָן הוּא כִּי וַדַּאי חִלּוּקִים רַבִּים וְעִקָּרִים יֵשׁ בַּדָּבָר: יֵשׁ פְּרִישׁוּת שֶׁנִּצְטַוִּינוּ בּוֹ, וְיֵשׁ פְּרִישׁוּת שֶׁהֻזְהַרְנוּ עָלָיו לְבִלְתִּי הִכָּשֵׁל בּוֹ, וְהוּא מַה שֶּׁאָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה הַמֶּלֶךְ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם (קהלת ז): אַל תְּהִי צַדִּיק הַרְבֵּה. וּנְבָאֵר עַתָּה הַפְּרִישׁוּת הַטּוֹב. וְנֹאמַר, כִּי הִנֵּה אַחַר שֶׁהִתְבָּאֵר לָנוּ הֱיוֹת כָּל עִנְיְנֵי הָעוֹלָם נִסְיוֹנוֹת לָאָדָם, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ כְּבָר לְמַעְלָה וְהוֹכַחְנוּהוּ בִּרְאָיוֹת וְהִתְאַמֵּת לָנוּ גַּם כֵּן רֹב חֻלְשַׁת הָאָדָם וְקִרְבַת דַּעְתּוֹ אֶל הָרָעוֹת, יִתְבָּרֵר בְּהֶכְרֵחַ שֶׁכָּל מָה שֶׁיּוּכַל הָאָדָם לְהִמָּלֵט מִן הָעִנְיָנִים הָאֵלֶּה רָאוּי שֶׁיַּעֲשֵׂהוּ, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נִשְׁמָר יוֹתֵר מִן הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר בְּרַגְלֵיהֶם. כִּי הִנֵּה אֵין לְךָ תַּעֲנוּג עוֹלָמִי אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִמְשֹׁךְ אַחֲרָיו אֵיזֶה חֵטְא בַּעֲקֵבוֹ. דֶּרֶךְ מָשָׁל: הַמַּאֲכָל וְהַמִּשְׁתֶּה כְּשֶׁנִּקּוּ מִכָּל אִסּוּרֵי הָאֲכִילָה, הִנֵּה מֻתָּרִים הֵם. אָמְנָם, מִלּוּי הַכָּרֵס מוֹשֵׁךְ אַחֲרָיו פְּרִיקַת הָעוֹל, וּמִשְׁתֶּה הַיַּיִן מוֹשֵׁךְ אַחֲרָיו הַזְּנוּת וּשְׁאָר דְּבָרִים רָעִים. כָּל שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁבִּהְיוֹת הָאָדָם מַרְגִּיל עַצְמוֹ לִשְׂבֹּעַ מֵאֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה, הִנֵּה אִם פַּעַם אַחַת יֶחְסַר לוֹ רְגִילוּתוֹ, יִכְאַב לוֹ וְיַרְגִּישׁ מְאֹד.

The explanation is that the matter certainly involves many fundamental distinctions. There is [good] Separation which we are commanded in and there is [bad] Separation which we are warned not to stumble in. This is what king Shlomo said: "do not be overly righteous" (Kohelet 7:16). We will now explain the good type of Separation. After it has become clear to us that all matters of this world are trials to a man, as we wrote earlier and demonstrated with proofs, and likewise after we have truly realized man's great frailness and his close disposition to all evil, it will perforce be clear that man should do whatever he can to spare himself from these matters in order to protect himself from the evil which is at their feet. For there is no worldly pleasure which does not draw after it some sin in its heel. For example: food and drink, when clean of all dietary prohibition are permitted to eat. But filling one's belly draws after it removal of the yoke of Heaven, and drinking of wine draws after it licentiousness and other evils. All the more so, once a person habituates himself to satiate [his belly] with food and drink. For then if but one time he lacks fulfilling his habit, it will greatly pain and disturb him.

Source 12 · Acharonim
Verified

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I 8

נפש החיים, שער א ח׳ — ד"ה ואמרו שם הרבה עשו כר״י ועלתה

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate I 8:6

R. Chaim Volozhiner presents human beings as entrusted with spiritual responsibility in the world. This can support a vocation-centered view in which professional service is part of avodat Hashem, while remaining subject to halakhic limits.

ואמרו שם הרבה עשו כר״י ועלתה בידם. והרבה עשו כרש״בי ולא עלתה בידם. היינו רבים דוקא. כי ודאי שלכלל ההמון כמעט בלתי אפשר שיתמידו כל ימיהם רק בעסק התורה שלא לפנות אף שעה מועטת לשום עסק פרנסת מזונות כלל. ועז״א באבות כל תורה שאין עמה מלאכה וכו'. אבל יחיד לעצמו שאפשר לו להיות אך עסוק כל ימיו בתורתו ועבודתו ית״ש. ודאי שחובה מוטלת עליו שלא לפרוש אף זמן מועט מתורה ועבודה לעסק פרנסה חס ושלום. וכדעת ר' שמעון ב״י *: אבל פ' והיה שנאמרה בלשון רבים. לרבים כמעט מוכרחים להתעסק עכ"פ מעט גם בריוח ממון לחיי נפש. לכן לא כתיב בה ובכל מאדכם. (והגם שעדיין לא זו הדרך והמדרגה הגבוה שבגבוהות לפי אמיתת רצונו ית"ש לדעת רשב"י. עכ"ז גם לדידי' לא מקרי ח"ו בזה אין עושין רש"מ כשמפנין עצמם מעט גם לעסק פרנסה ובעת עסקם בפרנסה לבם נוהג בחכמה ומהרהרים בד"ת ויראת ה'. ולר' ישמעאל. זו היא עיקר רצונו ית' בהנהגת כלל ההמון. ופלוגתתם מה היא עיקר רצונו ית' והמדרגה היותר גבוה בהנהגת כלל ההמון):

And there it is stated that many did per Rabbee Yishmael’s directions and they succeeded, and many did per Rabbee Shim’on Bar Yo-khai’s words and they did not succeed. It says specifically “many” because definitely, for most of the masses it’s nearly impossible that they could dedicate all of their time only to involvement with Torah, to not turn away from it even a brief time for the sake of earning a living sustenance. And about this the sages stated in Avot: “that all Torah that is not accompanied by labor...”. But an individual, if it’s possible for him to only be involved his entire lifetime with his Torah and his service to the One (blessed be His name), the obligation is definitely upon him to not separate even a brief time from Torah and service to earn a living (heaven forefend), in accordance with Rabbee Shim’on Bar Yo-khai’s opinion [*]. But the parsha v’haya that is stated in the plural form— for the many—it’s almost an imperative to be involved in some minimal way also with earning a living, for that reason its not written there “and with all your [plural] resources.” And even though, according to the opinion of Rabbee Shim’on Bar Yo-khai, this is still not the way and the level that’s the highest of the high, corresponding to the reality of His (blessed be His name) will, even so, for him it’s not a case of (heaven forefend) that by doing this they are not doing God’s-Ma-kome will when they dedicate a small amount of their time to also earn a living. While they are earning a living, their heart/minds are practicing wisdom and are reflecting on words of Torah and fear of God -YHV”H. And for Rabbee Yishmael this is His (blessed be He) primary will regarding the behavior of the public masses, and their argument is about what is His (blessed be He) primary will and the level that’s highest about how the public masses behave.

Source 13 · Acharonim
attested

העמק דבר, דברים י יא

העמק דבר, דברים י יא

The passage describes six hierarchical levels in Jewish society, each with distinct obligations: leaders must prioritize communal needs over personal devotion; Torah scholars must cultivate love and cleaving to God alongside meticulous observance; common people must preserve the commandments in their times; and women, servants, and minors are obligated to act for the betterment of the world's settlement.

שואל מעמך - בישראל ו' מדרגות, מנהיגים, תלמידי חכמים, בעלי בתים עוסקים בפרנסתם, ונשים עבדים וקטנים. ומכל אחד שואל דבר מיוחד. למנהיגים אין לעסק בדביקות, אלא לשקד על צרכי צבור, שאפילו מצות קריאת שמע נדחית בפניהם, ושואל מהם רק ליראה את ה', שלא יבא לעשות לכבוד עצמו ולהנאתו. ללכת בדרכיו - ועל תלמיד חכם זקני הדור מוטל אהבת ה' ודביקות הרעיון בו בכל לב ונפש ומצוות מעשיות בכל מיני דקדוקים אפשריים, וללכת בדרכי ה' להיות משונה מן ההמוניי. לשמר את מצוות - אל ההמוני מוטל לשמר המצוות בזמנן, שלא יהא מבטלו מהם. לטוב לך - הנשים וכו' יעשו הטוב לישוב עולם, וזכין באתנויי גברי לבי כנישתא כבברכות פ"א...

Source 14 · Acharonim
attested

רש"ר הירש, במדבר ל ג

רש"ר הירש, במדבר ל ג

The passage describes a distinction in roles: a man may direct his life toward new paths through voluntary vows, while a woman's role is to dedicate herself and flourish within a life position established by others (her husband), entering the home to nurture what is given there in a spirit of holiness rather than to set new aims.

איש כי ידור - האיש בתפקידו כמעצב עמדתו בחיים יכול לכוון את חייו לאפיקים חדשים בהתנדבות הנדר. תפקיד האשה הוא להתמסר ולשגשג בעמדת חיים שהוצבה על ידי אחרים (הבעל). היא נכנסת לבית כדי לטפח את הנתון שם ברוח של קדושה, ולא כדי להציב מטרות חדשות.

Source 15 · Hasidic
Verified

Likkutei Torah, Nitzavim

לקוטי תורה, נצבים

Likkutei Torah, Nitzavim

The Chabad discussion of embodied religious life and the elevation of the material world can inform a vocation-oriented account of how professional activity may become service of God when conducted with proper purpose.

להבין שורש הדברים הנ״ל. הנה תחלה יש להבין כללות ענין ראש השנה ויוהכ״פ ועשי״ת שהוא זמן התיקון לתקן פגם העוונות והחטאים וכמארז״ל ע״פ דרשו ה׳ בהמצאו אלו עשרה ימים שבין ראש השנה ליוהכ״פ. ומפורש בתורה כי ביום הזה יכפר כו׳. ולהבין ענין התיקון הזה איך הוא (ועמ״ש בד״ה תקעו בחדש שופר) והענין הוא כי הנה בר״ה הוא בנין הנוק׳ שהיא מלכות דאצילות. וכמ״ש ויבן ה׳ אלקים את הצלע כו׳ פי׳ עד״מ כאשר בית אחד נתקלקל באיזה מקום באמצעו או בתחתיתו הנה כדי לתקן אותו הקלקול ההכרח שיחזרו ויבנו כל הבית מחדש מיסודו עד גגו שבהתחדשות הבנין יכולים לתקן ולעשות קיום חזק גם באותו מקום המקולקל כו׳.

Source 16 · Hasidic
Verified

Sefat Emet, Vayakhel

שפת אמת, שמות, ויקהל

Sefat Emet, Exodus, Vayakhel

The treatment of communal contribution and the sanctification of human craftsmanship presents varied forms of service as valuable when directed toward holiness, a useful Hasidic lens for professional vocation.

עוד בשם מו"ז ז"ל ע"פ את קרבני לחמי לאשי ריח ניחוחי תשמרו כו'. ופי' כי הקב"ה נותן שפע לכל הבריאה כמאמר מחדש בטובו בכל יום מעשה בראשית. אבל ע"י עבודת בנ"י מוסיפין השפעה מהקב"ה. ותוספות זה מרובה על העיקר. והקב"ה מבקש מבנ"י שישמרו שההשפעה יהי' ע"י ריח ניחוח. ולא ע"י הטבע. וז"ש לחמי לאשי מה שאני נותן שפע להנבראים תשמרו שיהי' ע"י ריח ניחוח כנ"ל. ושפתים ישק. וע"ז נתקנו התפלות בכל יום במקום התמידין שממשיכין בנ"י השפע בכל יום ע"י הברכות וההודאות שמעידין שהכל מהקב"ה אשר מחדש בטובו בכל יום מעשה בראשית כנ"ל:

Source 17 · Hasidic
Verified

Hilkhot Talmud Torah 1:14

הלכות תלמוד תורה א׳

Hilkhot Talmud Torah 1:14

The Alter Rebbe rules that women are not taught Oral Torah but must be taught the practical halachot that apply to them, and they receive reward for such learning.

וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם, גַּם הַנָּשִׁים חַיָּבוֹת לִלְמוֹד הֲלָכוֹת הַצְּרִיכוֹת לָהֶן לֵידַע אוֹתָן, כְּמוֹ דִּינֵי נִדָּה וּטְבִילָה וּמְלִיחָה וְאִסּוּר יִחוּד וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶם, וְכָל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁאֵין הַזְּמַן גְּרָמָא, וְכָל מִצְוַת לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁל תּוֹרָה וְשֶׁל דִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים שֶׁהֵן מֻזְהָרוֹת בָּהֶן כַּאֲנָשִׁים. וּבִימֵיהֶם הָיָה הֶחָכָם דּוֹרֵשׁ הֲלָכוֹת הַמְּצוּיוֹת וּרְגִילוֹת וּצְרִיכוֹת לְכָל אָדָם לֵידַע אוֹתָן, בְּלָשׁוֹן שֶׁמְּבִינִים הַנָּשִׁים וְעַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ, מִדֵּי שַׁבָּת בְּשַׁבַּתּוֹ:

Source 18 · Modern
Verified

Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (Shut HaRav HaRashi 42:19)

שו"ת הרב הראשי, מ״ב:י״ט — ד"ה אבן העזר רופא בנגיעה באשה שאלה

Shut HaRav HaRashi 42:19

Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu states that there is no concern for affection between a physician and patient, permitting physical contact during medical treatment; a same-gender person may perform internal medical procedures without concern for impropriety, since the practitioner's focus is on the medical work itself, and an alternate view holds that any treatment not performed in a manner of affection and directed toward Heaven is permitted.

לא חיישינן לחיבה בין רופא לחולה ולכן יכול לגעת בה. מין במינו מותר להכניס כמכחול בשפופרת, ואפילו משום פריצותא ליכא. מאי טעמא – בעבידתיה טריד". "וי"א דכל שאינו עושה דרך חבה, רק כוונתו לשם שמים – מותר".

Source 19 · Modern
Verified

Sulam on Zohar, Bereshit I 446

זהר, בראשית תמו

Sulam on Zohar, Bereshit I 446

Sulam explains that it is forbidden for a man to be alone with a woman unless her husband is present, and illustrates this through the serpent's deception of Eve—the serpent touched the tree and did not die, then told Eve to touch it as well and she would not die, thereby adding a stringency from himself that was not commanded, since the prohibition was only against eating, not touching.

רי"א ודאי מלה דא הכי הוא דאסיר לאתיחדא עם אנתתא בלחודהא אלא אם כן בעלה עמה, רי"א, ודאי שדבר הזה, דהיינו איסור עצה"ד, כן הוא. כי אסור להתיחד עם אשה לבדה אלא אם כן בעלה עמה, מה עבד ההוא רשע אמר הא מטיתי להאי אילנא ולא מתי אוף את קריב ומטי בידך ביה ולא תמות מה עשה אותו רשע, דהיינו סמאל, אמר הרי נגעתי באילן הזה ולא מתי, אף את קרבי ונגעי בידך בו, ולא תמות, ומלה דא הוא אוסיף לה מגרמיה, ודבר זה הוא הוסיף מעצמו, שהרי לא נאסר על הנגיעה, אלא על אכילה.

Source 20 · Modern
External

Rav Gavriel Zinner (Nitei Gavriel, Yichud, perek 43)

נטעי גבריאל, יחוד פרק מ״ג

Nitei Gavriel, Yichud, perek 43

The passage cites the Radva"z ruling that in situations where women work in non-Jewish households, precautions should be taken to minimize proximity between men and women—specifically, men and women should sit separately when doing needlework rather than together at the same table.

On this pageThe passage cites the Radva"z ruling that in situations where women work in non-Jewish households, precautions should be taken to minimize proximity between men and women—specifically, men and women should sit separately when doing needlework rather than together at the same table.

Nitei Gavriel, Yichud, perek 43 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 275

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Source 21 · Modern
External

Rav Gavriel Zinner (Nitei Gavriel, Yichud, perek 46)

נטעי גבריאל, יחוד פרק מ״ו

Nitei Gavriel, Yichud, perek 46

According to several halakhic authorities cited here, one engaged in professional practice (such as a Jewish physician treating a woman) is permitted to have physical contact that would otherwise be prohibited, and there is a custom for a Jewish child to be treated by a Jewish physician even when a woman is involved.

On this pageAccording to several halakhic authorities cited here, one engaged in professional practice (such as a Jewish physician treating a woman) is permitted to have physical contact that would otherwise be prohibited, and there is a custom for a Jewish child to be treated by a Jewish physician even when a woman is involved.

Nitei Gavriel, Yichud, perek 46 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 299

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Source 22 · Modern
Verified

Contemporary Halakhic Problems, Vol III, Part I, Chapter V Women

בעיות הלכתיות עכשוויות, כרך ג, חלק ראשון, פרק ה: נשים

Contemporary Halakhic Problems, Vol III, Part I, Chapter V Women

The passage states that while Judaism assigns men and women differing religious obligations and modes of expression rather than identical social roles, this differentiation does not diminish women's spiritual capacities or the significance of halakhic demands placed upon them.

Judaism does not espouse a unisex view of social roles and endeavors; rather, it assigns males and females differing obligations and diverse modes of religious expression. But, by no means, does such role differentiation reflect denigration of the spiritual capacities and aspirations of the female. Halakhah makes demands of women, just as it does of men. The demands may not be identical but they are certainly not inferior in significance.

Source 23 · Modern
Verified

Gray Matter I, Modesty, Women and Leadership Positions

גריי מאטר א, צניעות, נשים ותפקידי הנהגה

Gray Matter I, Modesty, Women and Leadership Positions

Rav Moshe Feinstein defines a position of authority as one in which a person may be required to act against the employer's will—distinguishing it from ordinary employment—and illustrates this with the example of a weights and measures inspector, whose role obligates him to prevent dishonesty even when it conflicts with the employer's interests.

Rav Moshe Feinstein defines the term "position of authority" based on the Gemara (Kiddushin 76b), which teaches that a convert should not be appointed as an inspector of weights and measures. Rav Moshe explains that even if a position is not prestigious, it can still be viewed as authoritative. The difference between a person with authority and a regular worker is that a regular worker is hired to do the bidding of his employer, whereas someone in a position of authority is hired to, at times, act against the will of his employer. The inspector of weights and measures is in a position of authority because he does not permit his employer to act dishonestly, regardless of the employer's wishes.

Source 24 · Modern
Verified

Contemporary Halakhic Problems, Vol IV, Chapter VI Returning from Missions of Mercy on the Sabbath

בעיות הלכתיות עכשוויות, כרך ד, פרק ד: חזרה מפעוולת הצלה בשבת

Contemporary Halakhic Problems, Vol IV, Chapter VI Returning from Missions of Mercy on the Sabbath

The passage notes that increasing numbers of observant Jews entering medicine face conflicts between professional obligations and religious commitments, leading rabbinical authorities to provide guidance on these matters with growing frequency.

In recent years there has been a marked increase in the number of observant young men and women entering medicine as a profession. Committed, as they are, to rendering the best medical care of which they are capable and to meticulous observance of the commandments, at times they find themselves confronted with conflicts between professional and religious commitments and their personal needs. With increasing frequency rabbinic decisors are called upon by observant health care professionals to offer guidance in resolving problems of this nature.

Related sources· 7 found, not yet verifiedSign in to verify
  • איש כי ידור - האיש בתפקידו כמעצב עמדתו בחיים יכול לכוון את כיוון חייו לאפיקים אחרים בהתנדבות. מוסריות האשה דורשת ממנה התמסרות מקיפה לעמדת חיים שהוצבה על ידי אחרים, היא נכנסת לבית בעלה כמטפחת את הנתון לפניה ברוח הקדושה...

    Same passage as רש"ר הירש, במדבר ל ג

  • מפני שרוב נשים אין דעתם מכוונת כו' אבל אם למדה לעצמה אנו רואות שיצאו מהרוב ולכך כתב לעיל שיש לה שכר ור"ל אם למדה התורה על מכונה שאינה מוציאה לדברי הבאי אבל האב אינו רשאי ללמדה דדילמא תוציא דבריה לדברי הבאי כי הוא אינו יודע מה שבלבה וק"ל: בד"א בתורה שבכתב אבל בתורה שבע"פ כו' במיימוני ובסמ"ג כתוב איפכא וכתב ב"י שט"ס יש כאן וכן בש"ע ומ"מ יש ליתן טעם קצת לגירסת ספרי הטור שבכולם נכתב ונדפס כן מפני שיש הפסד יותר כשמוציא תורה שבכתב בדברי הבאי מאשר יש בתורה שבעל פה וק"ל. ומכל מקום חייבת האשה ללמוד דינים השייכין לאשה (כ"כ האגור סימן צ"ב בשם סמ"ג) ואשה העוזרת לבנה או לבעלה שיעסקו בתורה חולקת שכר בהדייהו (הג"מ פ"א דתלמוד תורה עכ"ה):

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • Filed under: Medicine on Shabbat

  • Nedarim 40aunverified

    Filed under: General Medicine

  • Shabbat 94bunverified

    Filed under: Men Wearing Women's Clothing

  • Filed under: Appropriate Interaction between Men and Women

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