Machshavaמחשבה

Classical Sources on Torah Immutability

These sources articulate foundational Jewish principles regarding the unchanging nature of Torah law, the rejection of human judgment superseding divine command, and the primacy of received tradition over individual or cultural reinterpretation. They range from biblical prohibitions against altering commandments to medieval and early modern elaborations on the binding character of Mosaic revelation.

לֹא תוֹסִפוּ עַל־הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוֶּה אֶתְכֶם

10 sources · 9 verified

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What the sources say

The sources retrieved here address foundational principles of Torah immutability and religious integrity broadly, not the modern Orthodox movement as such. The prohibition against adding to or subtracting from the commandments, stated in Devarim 4:2 and codified by the Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Foundations of the Torah 9:1-3), establishes that the Torah admits no alteration — a principle invoked across many contexts — but neither passage names or targets any specific modern religious movement.

The Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:8-9) defines the categories of apikoros and one who denies the Torah — including one who rejects the Oral Law or disputes its authoritative transmitters — but again these are general halachic categories, not a critique directed at any denomination by name.

רש"ר הירש, במעגלי שנה חלק א עמוד פב argues that whoever seeks to separate religious faith from law and intellect within Judaism — reducing it to vague emotional belief detached from the practical commandments such as dietary laws and forbidden relations — must first uproot the entire historical and national reality of Judaism, leaving only monotheism and sentimental prayer; this is the closest any retrieved source comes to a critique of a compromised Orthodox posture, but it is directed at a theological tendency, not at a named movement.

The Gemara in Sotah 49b describes the era before the coming of Mashiach as one in which the wisdom of scribes will become malodorous, those who fear sin will be despised, and truth will be absent — a general lament about religious decline — while Yeshayahu 29:13 rebukes a people who honor God with their lips while their hearts are distant, their reverence a learned human convention; both passages are frequently cited in polemical contexts but do not address the modern Orthodox movement in the sources as they appear here.

The asked-about subject — a sustained critique of Modern Orthodoxy as a movement — is simply not among the items recorded in these sources; what they record are the timeless prohibitions against altering the Torah (Devarim 4:2; Mishneh Torah, Foundations of the Torah 9:1-3), the definitions of heresy (Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:8-9), and warnings against reducing Judaism to feeling alone (רש"ר הירש, במעגלי שנה חלק א עמוד פב), none of which constitute the targeted critique the question seeks.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 4:2

דברים ד׳

Deuteronomy 4:2

Israel is commanded neither to add to nor subtract from God's commandments. The verse can serve as a source for critiques of reshaping Torah practice to fit external cultural standards.

לֹ֣א תֹסִ֗פוּ עַל־הַדָּבָר֙ אֲשֶׁ֤ר אָנֹכִי֙ מְצַוֶּ֣ה אֶתְכֶ֔ם וְלֹ֥א תִגְרְע֖וּ מִמֶּ֑נּוּ לִשְׁמֹ֗ר אֶת־מִצְוֺת֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י מְצַוֶּ֥ה אֶתְכֶֽם׃

See also

  • Yoma 72bunverifiedFiled under: The System of Halachah VI – Rabbinic Authority
  • Deuteronomy 33:10unverifiedFiled under: The System of Halachah VI – Rabbinic Authority
  • Makkot 22bunverifiedFiled under: The System of Halachah VI – Rabbinic Authority
Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 12:8

דברים י״ב

Deuteronomy 12:8

Moses warns against everyone doing what seems right in his own eyes. Critics may invoke this against religious autonomy that places individual judgment above received communal norms.

לֹ֣א תַעֲשׂ֔וּן כְּ֠כֹ֠ל אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲנַ֧חְנוּ עֹשִׂ֛ים פֹּ֖ה הַיּ֑וֹם אִ֖ישׁ כׇּל־הַיָּשָׁ֥ר בְּעֵינָֽיו׃

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Isaiah 29:13

ישעיהו כ״ט

Isaiah 29:13

Isaiah condemns honoring God verbally while treating human teaching as the substance of religion. The passage is frequently relevant to polemics against formal observance detached from wholehearted submission.

וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֲדֹנָ֗י יַ֚עַן כִּ֤י נִגַּשׁ֙ הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֔ה בְּפִ֤יו וּבִשְׂפָתָיו֙ כִּבְּד֔וּנִי וְלִבּ֖וֹ רִחַ֣ק מִמֶּ֑נִּי וַתְּהִ֤י יִרְאָתָם֙ אֹתִ֔י מִצְוַ֥ת אֲנָשִׁ֖ים מְלֻמָּדָֽה׃

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Sotah 49b

סוטה מ״ט ב

Sotah 49b:3

The Mishnah and Gemara describe decline in religious authority and increasing audacity in the period before redemption. It can be used rhetorically by critics who associate modernity with weakened deference to rabbinic authority, though the passage does not name Modern Orthodoxy.

וְחַכְמוֹת סוֹפְרִים תִּסְרַח, וְיִרְאֵי חֵטְא יִמָּאֵסוּ, וְהָאֱמֶת תְּהֵא נֶעֱדֶרֶת. נְעָרִים פְּנֵי זְקֵנִים יַלְבִּינוּ, זְקֵנִים יַעַמְדוּ מִפְּנֵי קְטַנִּים — בֵּן מְנַוֵּול אָב, בַּת קָמָה בְאִמָּהּ, כַּלָּה בַּחֲמוֹתָהּ, אוֹיְבֵי אִישׁ אַנְשֵׁי בֵיתוֹ, פְּנֵי הַדּוֹר כִּפְנֵי הַכֶּלֶב, הַבֵּן אֵינוֹ מִתְבַּיֵּישׁ מֵאָבִיו, וְעַל מָה יֵשׁ לָנוּ לְהִשָּׁעֵן — עַל אָבִינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם.

Source 5 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Foundations of the Torah 9:1-3

משנה תורה, הלכות יסודי התורה ט׳:א׳-ג׳

Mishneh Torah, Foundations of the Torah 9:1-3

Rambam distinguishes genuine Mosaic revelation from later claims that a prophet may alter Torah. This is a strong source for the principle that the Torah's commandments are not subject to religious modernization or prophetic replacement.

דָּבָר בָּרוּר וּמְפֹרָשׁ בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁהִיא מִצְוָה עוֹמֶדֶת לְעוֹלָם וּלְעוֹלְמֵי עוֹלָמִים אֵין לָהּ לֹא שִׁנּוּי וְלֹא גֵּרָעוֹן וְלֹא תּוֹסֶפֶת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יג א) "אֵת כָּל הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוֶּה אֶתְכֶם אֹתוֹ תִשְׁמְרוּן לַעֲשׂוֹת לֹא תֹסֵף עָלָיו וְלֹא תִגְרַע מִמֶּנּוּ". וְנֶאֱמַר (דברים כט כח) "וְהַנִּגְלֹת לָנוּ וּלְבָנֵינוּ עַד עוֹלָם לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת כָּל דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת". הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁכָּל דִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה מְצֻוִּין אָנוּ לַעֲשׂוֹתָן עַד עוֹלָם. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר חֻקַּת עוֹלָם לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם. וְנֶאֱמַר (דברים ל יב) "לֹא בַשָּׁמַיִם הִיא". הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁאֵין נָבִיא רַשַּׁאי לְחַדֵּשׁ דָּבָר מֵעַתָּה. לְפִיכָךְ אִם יַעֲמֹד אִישׁ בֵּין מִן הָאֻמּוֹת בֵּין מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל וְיַעֲשֶׂה אוֹת וּמוֹפֵת וְיֹאמַר שֶׁה' שְׁלָחוֹ לְהוֹסִיף מִצְוָה אוֹ לִגְרֹעַ מִצְוָה אוֹ לְפָרֵשׁ בְּמִצְוָה מִן הַמִּצְוֹת פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁלֹּא שָׁמַעְנוּ מִמּשֶׁה. אוֹ שֶׁאָמַר שֶׁאוֹתָן הַמִּצְוֹת שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ בָּהֶן יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵינָן לְעוֹלָם וּלְדוֹרֵי דּוֹרוֹת אֶלָּא מִצְוֹת לְפִי זְמַן הָיוּ. הֲרֵי זֶה נְבִיא שֶׁקֶר שֶׁהֲרֵי בָּא לְהַכְחִישׁ נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה. וּמִיתָתוֹ בְּחֶנֶק עַל שֶׁהֵזִיד לְדַבֵּר בְּשֵׁם ה' אֲשֶׁר לֹא צִוָּהוּ. שֶׁהוּא בָּרוּךְ שְׁמוֹ צִוָּה לְמשֶׁה שֶׁהַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת לָנוּ וּלְבָנֵינוּ עַד עוֹלָם (במדבר כג יט) וְ"לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב": אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר בַּתּוֹרָה (דברים יח יח) "נָבִיא אָקִים לָהֶם מִקֶּרֶב אֲחֵיהֶם כָּמוֹךָ". לֹא לַעֲשׂוֹת דָּת הוּא בָּא אֶלָּא לְצַוּוֹת עַל דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה וּלְהַזְהִיר הָעָם שֶׁלֹּא יַעַבְרוּ עָלֶיהָ. כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר הָאַחֲרוֹן שֶׁבָּהֶן (מלאכי ג כב) "זִכְרוּ תּוֹרַת משֶׁה עַבְדִּי". וְכֵן אִם צִוָּנוּ בְּדִבְרֵי הָרְשׁוּת כְּגוֹן לְכוּ לְמָקוֹם פְּלוֹנִי אוֹ אַל תֵּלְכוּ. עֲשׂוּ מִלְחָמָה הַיּוֹם אוֹ אַל תַּעֲשׂוּ. בְּנוּ חוֹמָה זוֹ אוֹ אַל תִּבְנוּהָ. מִצְוָה לִשְׁמֹעַ לוֹ. וְהָעוֹבֵר עַל דְּבָרָיו חַיָּב מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יח יט) "וְהָיָה הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמַע אֶל דְּבָרַי אֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר בִּשְׁמִי אָנֹכִי אֶדְרשׁ מֵעִמּוֹ":

It is clear and explicit in the Torah that it is [God's] commandment, remaining forever without change, addition, or diminishment, as [Deuteronomy 13:1] states: "All these matters which I command to you, you shall be careful to perform. You may not add to it or diminish from it," and [Deuteronomy 29:28] states: "What is revealed is for us and our children forever, to carry out all the words of this Torah." This teaches that we are commanded to fulfill all the Torah's directives forever. It is also said: "It is an everlasting statute for all your generations," and [Deuteronomy 30:12] states: "It is not in the heavens." This teaches that a prophet can no longer add a new precept [to the Torah]. Therefore, if a person will arise, whether Jew or gentile, and perform a sign or wonder and say that God sent him to: a) add a mitzvah, b) withdraw a mitzvah c) explain a mitzvah in a manner which differs from the tradition received from Moses, or d) if he says that the mitzvot commanded to the Jews are not forever, but rather were given for a limited time, he is a false prophet. He comes to deny the prophecy of Moses and should be executed by strangulation, because he dared to make statements in God's name which God never made. God, blessed be His name, commanded Moses that this commandment is for us and our children forever, and, God is not man that He speak falsely. If so, what is meant by the Torah's statement [Deuteronomy 18:18]: "I will appoint a prophet from among their brethren like you, and I will place My words in his mouth and he will speak..."? He is not coming to establish a [new] faith, but rather to command the people [to fulfill] the precepts of the Torah and to warn against its transgression, as evidenced by the final prophet [Malachi], who proclaimed [Malachi 3:22], "Remember the Torah of Moses, My servant." Also, a prophet may command us to do something which [is neither permitted nor forbidden by Torah law] - for example, "Go to such and such a place," "Do not go there," "Wage war today," or "Do not do so," "Build a wall," or "Do not build it." [In these instances,] it is a mitzvah to listen to him. Anyone who violates his directives is liable for death at the hand of God, as [Deuteronomy 18:19] states: "And a person who will not heed My words which he speaks in My name, I will seek [retribution] from him."

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:8-9

משנה תורה, הלכות תשובה ג׳:ח׳-ט׳

Mishneh Torah, Repentance 3:8-9

Rambam discusses categories of denial and exclusion from the World to Come, including denial of Torah's divine origin. It can be relevant to polemics about treating Torah as merely historical or culturally negotiable, but should not be applied casually to individuals or movements.

שְׁלֹשָׁה הֵן הַנִּקְרָאִים אֶפִּיקוֹרְסִין. הָאוֹמֵר שֶׁאֵין שָׁם נְבוּאָה כְּלָל וְאֵין שָׁם מַדָּע שֶׁמַּגִּיעַ מֵהַבּוֹרֵא לְלֵב בְּנֵי הָאָדָם. וְהַמַּכְחִישׁ נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ. וְהָאוֹמֵר שֶׁאֵין הַבּוֹרֵא יוֹדֵעַ מַעֲשֵׂה בְּנֵי הָאָדָם. כָּל אֶחָד מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה אֵלּוּ הֵן אֶפִּיקוֹרוֹסִים. שְׁלֹשָׁה הֵן הַכּוֹפְרִים בַּתּוֹרָה. הָאוֹמֵר שֶׁאֵין הַתּוֹרָה מֵעִם ה' אֲפִלּוּ פָּסוּק אֶחָד אֲפִלּוּ תֵּבָה אַחַת אִם אָמַר משֶׁה אֲמָרוֹ מִפִּי עַצְמוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה כּוֹפֵר בַּתּוֹרָה. וְכֵן הַכּוֹפֵר בְּפֵרוּשָׁהּ וְהוּא תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה וְהַמַּכְחִישׁ מַגִּידֶיהָ כְּגוֹן צָדוֹק וּבַיְתּוֹס. וְהָאוֹמֵר שֶׁהַבּוֹרֵא הֶחֱלִיף מִצְוָה זוֹ בְּמִצְוָה אַחֶרֶת וּכְבָר בָּטְלָה תּוֹרָה זוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא הָיְתָה מֵעִם ה' כְּגוֹן הָהַגְרִים. כָּל אֶחָד מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה אֵלּוּ כּוֹפֵר בַּתּוֹרָה:

Three individuals are described as Epicursim: a) one who denies the existence of prophecy and maintains that there is no knowledge communicated from God to the hearts of men; b) one who disputes the prophecy of Moses, our teacher;' c) one who maintains that the Creator is not aware of the deeds of men. Each of these three individuals is an Epicurus. There are three individuals who are considered as one "who denies the Torah": a) one who says Torah, even one verse or one word, is not from God. If he says: "Moses made these statements independently," he is denying the Torah. b) one who denies the Torah's interpretation, the oral law, or disputes [the authority of] its spokesmen as did Tzadok and Beitus. c) one who says that though the Torah came from God, the Creator has replaced one mitzvah with another one and nullified the original Torah, like the Arabs [and the Christians]. Each of these three individuals is considered as one who denies the Torah.

Source 7 · Rishonim
Verified

Kuzari 1:35-43

הכוזרי א׳

Kuzari 1:41

Judaism is presented as grounded in national revelation and lived covenant rather than abstract philosophy alone. The argument can support a critique of reconstructing Judaism primarily through modern universal ideas.

(לה) אָמַר הֶחָבֵר: וּבְדִין הָעִנְיָן הַשִּׂכְלִי הִתְיַחֵד הַמְדַבֵּר מִכָּל הַחַיִּים. וְהִתְחַיֵּב מִמֶּנּוּ תִקּוּן הַמִּדּוֹת וְהַמָּעוֹן וְהַמְּדִינָה וְהָיוּ הַנְהָגוֹת וְנִמּוּסִים מִנְהָגִיִּים.

Source 8 · Acharonim
attested

רש"ר הירש, במעגלי שנה חלק א עמוד פב

רש"ר הירש, במעגלי שנה חלק א עמוד פב

One who seeks to separate science from faith even within Judaism, and to reduce Jewish religion to vague emotional belief divorced from intellect and science, must first deny all historical facts and the national past of Judaism and remove from his life all the commandments that God established for Israel, leaving only belief in God's unity and the duty to pray—yet mere belief and sentimental prayer cannot ground knowledge of historical facts or explain how emotional sentiment relates to concrete commandments like dietary laws and forbidden relations, which God Himself gave to Israel and cannot be fulfilled by vague emotions and abstract faith alone.

מי שמבקש להפריד בין מדע ואמונה גם במסגרת היהדות, ולהשפיל גם את הדת היהודית כפי שהללו מכנים אותה, לדרגת אמונה רגשית מעורפלת וערטילאית, ללא כל קשר עם שכל ומדע, חייב קודם כל לשלול את כל העובדות ההיסטוריות ואת העבר הלאומי של היהדות, ולהוציא מלבו, ממסגרת חייו את כל מצוות החיים שקבע ה' לישראל. מכל עולמה של היהדות, על כל מכלול ההשקפות והאידיאלים שלה, לא יותיר אלא את האמונה ביחוד ה' ואת החובה להתפלל אליו. אמונה גרידא ותפילה רגשנית עשויות להשתלב יפה עם הרגש ומצב הרוח האישי, אבל איך אפשר לדעת על פי הרגש בלבד את העובדות ההיסטוריות... מה ענינו של הרגש הערטילאי אצל מצוות מעשיות, כמו מאכלות אסורות, עריות... הלא ה' הוא אשר נתן לישראל את המצוות הללו, והכיצד אפשר לקיימן רק על פי רגשות מעורפלים ואמונה מופשטת.

Source 9 · Acharonim
Verified

Shenei Luchot HaBerit, Aseret HaDibrot, Shevuot, Ner Mitzva:68

של"ה, מסכת שבועות

Shenei Luchot HaBerit, Aseret HaDibrot, Shevuot, Ner Mitzva:68

The passage cites Rav Hai Gaon's position on the rejection and prohibition of philosophy, which appears in Ein Yaakov on Masechet Chagigah in the discussion of the four who entered Pardes, as evidence that early and later authorities have addressed this matter.

הרחקת לימדו פלסופיא ואיסורה מבואר בדברי הקדמונים והאחרונים, ואם להביא כל דבריהם הוא עלי למשא, אפס קצת מהם תראו מה שכתב בזה רב האי גאון נמצא בעין יעקב במסכת חגיגה במאמר ד' נכנסו לפרדס, עיין שם:

Source 10 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים מ״א — ד"ה בְּרַם

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 41:1

The Alter Rebbe emphasizes awe of God and subordination of the self as the foundation of mitzvah observance. It can be marshaled against religious models centered primarily on self-definition, personal authenticity, or cultural accommodation.

בְּרַם, צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת לְזִכָּרוֹן תָּמִיד רֵאשִׁית הָעֲבוֹדָה וְעִיקָּרָהּ וְשָׁרְשָׁהּ. וְהוּא, כִּי אַף שֶׁהַיִּרְאָה הִיא שֹׁרֶשׁ לְ״סוּר מֵרָע״ וְהָאַהֲבָה לְ״וַעֲשֵׂה טוֹב״, אַף־עַל־פִּי־כֵן, לֹא דַי לְעוֹרֵר הָאַהֲבָה לְבַדָּהּ לְ״וַעֲשֵׂה טוֹב״, וּלְפָחוֹת צָרִיךְ לְעוֹרֵר תְּחִלָּה הַיִּרְאָה הַטִּבְעִית הַמְסוּתֶּרֶת בְּלֵב כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁלֹּא לִמְרוֹד בְּמֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ־בָּרוּךְ־הוּא, כַּנִּזְכָּר לְעֵיל, שֶׁתְּהֵא בְּהִתְגַּלּוּת לִבּוֹ אוֹ מוֹחוֹ עַל כָּל פָּנִים. וַאֲזַי, אַף אִם בְּכָל זֹאת לֹא תִפּוֹל עָלָיו אֵימָה וָפַחַד בְּהִתְגַּלּוּת לִבּוֹ, מִכָּל מָקוֹם, מֵאַחַר שֶׁמְּקַבֵּל עָלָיו מַלְכוּת שָׁמַיִם, וּמַמְשִׁיךְ עָלָיו יִרְאָתוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ בְּהִתְגַלּוּת מַחֲשַׁבְתּוֹ וּרְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁבְּמוֹחוֹ, וְקַבָּלָה זוֹ הִיא אֲמִיתִּית בְּלִי שׁוּם סָפֵק, שֶׁהֲרֵי הִיא טֶבַע נַפְשׁוֹת כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁלֹּא לִמְרוֹד בַּמֶּלֶךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ יִתְבָּרֵךְ – הֲרֵי הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁלּוֹמֵד אוֹ הַמִּצְוָה שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה מֵחֲמַת קַבָּלָה זוֹ וּמֵחֲמַת הַמְשָׁכַת הַיִּרְאָה שֶׁבְּמוֹחוֹ, נִקְרָאוֹת בְּשֵׁם ״עֲבוֹדָה שְׁלֵימָה״, כְּכָל עֲבוֹדַת הָעֶבֶד לַאֲדונוֹ וּמַלְכּוֹ. מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן אִם לוֹמֵד וּמְקַיֵּים הַמִּצְוָה בְּאַהֲבָה לְבַדָּהּ, כְּדֵי לְדָבְקָה בוֹ עַל יְדֵי תּוֹרָתוֹ וּמִצְוֹתָיו – אֵינָהּ נִקְרֵאת בְּשֵׁם עֲבוֹדַת הָעֶבֶד, וְהַתּוֹרָה אָמְרָה: ״וַעֲבַדְתֶּם אֵת ה׳ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם וְגוֹ׳״, ״וְאוֹתוֹ תַעֲבוֹדוּ וְגוֹ׳״; וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בַּזֹּהַר [פָּרָשַׁת בְּהַר]: ״כְּהַאי תּוֹרָא דְּיָהֲבִין עֲלֵיהּ עוֹל בְּקַדְמֵיתָא בְּגִין לְאַפָּקָא מִינֵּיהּ טַב לְעָלְמָא כוּ׳, הָכֵי נַמֵי אִצְטְרִיךְ לְבַר נַשׁ לְקַבָּלָא עֲלֵיהּ עוֹל מַלְכוּת שָׁמַיִם בְּקַדְמֵיתָא כוּ׳, וְאִי הַאי לָא אִשְׁתְּכַח גַּבֵּיהּ – לָא שַׁרְיָא בֵּיהּ קְדוּשָּׁה כוּ׳״; [וּבְרַעְיָא מְהֵימְנָא שָׁם דַּף קי״א עַמּוּד ב׳] שֶׁכָּל אָדָם צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת בִּשְׁתֵּי בְּחִינוֹת וּמַדְרֵגוֹת, וְהֵן: בְּחִינַת ״עֶבֶד״ וּבְחִינַת ״בֵּן״.

One must, however, constantly bear in mind the beginning of the service and its core and root. By this is meant that, although fear is the root of “turn away from evil” and love—of “do good,” nevertheless it is not sufficient to awaken the love alone to do good, but one must at least first arouse the innate fear which lies hidden in the heart of every Jew not to rebel against the Supreme King of kings, the Holy One, blessed is He, as has been stated above, so that this [fear] shall manifest itself in his heart or, at least, his mind. In such a case, even though after all this [contemplation] no fear or dread descends upon him in a manifest manner in his heart, nevertheless since he accepts upon himself the Kingdom of Heaven and draws fear of Him, blessed be He, over himself in his conscious thought and rational volition, and this submission is beyond doubt a sincere one—for it is the nature of all Jewish souls not to rebel against the Holy King, blessed be He—then the Torah he studies or the commandment he performs because of this submission and because of this inspired fear in his mind are termed “perfect service,” like all service [performed] by a slave to his master or to his king. On the other hand, if one studies and performs the commandment with love alone, in order to cleave to Him through His Torah or commandments, it is not termed “service of a servant,” which is what the Torah demands, viz., “And you shall serve the L–rd your G–d…,” and “Him shall you serve…,” as explained in the Zohar [Parashat Behar], “Just like the ox on which one first places a yoke in order to make it useful to the world…so, too, must a human being first of all submit to the yoke of the Kingdom of Heaven…and if this submission is not found in him, holiness cannot rest on him….” [See also Raaya Mehemna, ibid., 111b] that every man must be of two categories and levels, namely, the category of a servant and that of a son.

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  • מתנגדים ומתריעים נגד זה בטענה שאין להנהיג חדשות ולשנות מהנהוג מימים ימימה ולנפוח בפה וכו'. אצטט בכאן דבר כללי לכללות מנהגי ירושלים במיוחד שראיתי שמחדש וכותב בזה הגאון הגר״ד פרידמן ז״ל מקארלין בקונטרס עמק ברכה שלו. במאמר

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