Tefillahתפילה

The Origins of Tachanun Prayer

These sources trace the development of Tachanun from biblical penitential practices through rabbinic formalization. Biblical texts establish the model of confession and supplication; early rabbinic sources document communal supplication practices; and later sources describe the fixed liturgical practice of falling on one's face during supplication after the Amidah.

וּבְרֹאשׁ הַנָּשִׂיא וּבְרֹאשׁ אַב בֵּית דִּין

8 sources · 7 verified

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What the sources say

The deepest scriptural roots of tachanun-style prayer appear already in Tanach: Daniel (9:3–19) describes Daniel turning his face toward God to seek "prayer and supplication" (תְּפִלָּה וְתַחֲנוּנִים) in fasting, sackcloth, and ashes, while Nechemyah (1:6) similarly records day-and-night prayer combined with confession of sin — both passages reflecting the posture of personal petition and contrition that would later crystallize into tachanun.

The Mishnaic period shows an institutionalized form of communal supplication: the Mishnah (Ta'anit 2:1–4) describes the formal order of fast-day prayer, in which the ark is brought to the town square, ashes are placed on the heads of the leaders, words of rebuke are spoken, and an elder leads the congregation in standing prayer — a structured public ritual of the kind that stands behind the tachanun tradition.

The Mishnah (Berakhot 5:1) adds that one must enter prayer only out of solemnity of mind, and that the earlier pious men (חֲסִידִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים) would wait an hour before praying in order to direct their hearts — pointing to an ancient culture of deliberate, weighty supplication preceding any fixed formula.

By the Talmudic period, the practice of "falling on one's face" as part of tachanun was sufficiently established that the Gemara (Bava Metzia 59b) treats it as a recognized daily act: Imma Shalom actively prevented Rabbi Eliezer from lowering his head in the tachanun prayer, knowing the dangerous potency of such supplication, and the passage notes that on Rosh Chodesh one does not lower one's head — indicating that both the rite and its exemptions were already fixed practice in the Tannaitic-Amoraic era.

The Tur (Orach Chayim 131) transmits the practice as received law, quoting the Rambam's ruling that after completing the Amidah the worshipper falls on his face and supplicates, and citing Rav Natronai Gaon on the precise physical posture — leaning rather than full prostration — with the Tur noting the custom in Ashkenaz to lean to the right, attested also in the Talmud's account of Abaye and Rava.

The Shulchan Arukh HaRav (Orach Chayim 131) states explicitly that the very core of nefilat apayim is a custom that all Israel has practiced "from time immemorial" (מִימוֹת עוֹלָם), affirming that the rite's origins recede beyond any datable rabbinic enactment.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Daniel 9:3–19

דניאל ט׳:ג׳-י״ט

Daniel 9:3-19

Daniel describes turning to God with fasting, sackcloth, ashes, confession, supplication, and pleas for mercy. This is an important biblical antecedent for the later Jewish pattern of penitential supplication, though it is not yet the fixed liturgical Tachanun.

וָאֶתְּנָ֣ה אֶת־פָּנַ֗י אֶל־אֲדֹנָי֙ הָֽאֱלֹהִ֔ים לְבַקֵּ֥שׁ תְּפִלָּ֖ה וְתַחֲנוּנִ֑ים בְּצ֖וֹם וְשַׂ֥ק וָאֵֽפֶר׃ וָֽאֶתְפַּֽלְלָ֛ה לַיהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהַ֖י וָאֶתְוַדֶּ֑ה וָאֹֽמְרָ֗ה אָנָּ֤א אֲדֹנָי֙ הָאֵ֤ל הַגָּדוֹל֙ וְהַנּוֹרָ֔א שֹׁמֵ֤ר הַבְּרִית֙ וְֽהַחֶ֔סֶד לְאֹהֲבָ֖יו וּלְשֹׁמְרֵ֥י מִצְוֺתָֽיו׃

I turned my face to the Sovereign God, devoting myself to prayer and supplication, in fasting, in sackcloth and ashes. I prayed to the ETERNAL my God, making confession thus: “O Sovereign, great and awesome God, who stays faithful to the covenant with those who show love and keep the commandments!

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Nehemiah 1:4–11

נחמיה א׳

Nehemiah 1:6

Nehemiah fasts, prays, confesses Israel’s sins, invokes God’s covenant, and asks for mercy and success. The passage illustrates the penitential-supplicatory model that later Tachanun formalizes.

תְּהִ֣י נָ֣א אׇזְנְךָֽ־קַשֶּׁ֣בֶת וְֽעֵינֶ֪יךָ פְתוּח֟וֹת לִשְׁמֹ֣עַ אֶל־תְּפִלַּ֣ת עַבְדְּךָ֡ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָנֹכִי֩ מִתְפַּלֵּ֨ל לְפָנֶ֤יךָ הַיּוֹם֙ יוֹמָ֣ם וָלַ֔יְלָה עַל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל עֲבָדֶ֑יךָ וּמִתְוַדֶּ֗ה עַל־חַטֹּ֤אות בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר חָטָ֣אנוּ לָ֔ךְ וַאֲנִ֥י וּבֵית־אָבִ֖י חָטָֽאנוּ׃

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Bava Metzia 59b

בבא מציעא נ״ט ב — ד"ה אִימָּא שָׁלוֹם

Bava Metzia 59b:10

The Gemara recounts that Imma Shalom prevented her husband Rabbi Eliezer from lowering his head to recite taḥanun prayer, fearing that his supplication might bring punishment upon her brother Rabban Gamliel; when she inadvertently left him unsupervised and he recited taḥanun, her brother died, and she explained that a tradition from her ancestral house teaches that the gates of Heaven remain open specifically for prayers concerning victims of verbal mistreatment.

אִימָּא שָׁלוֹם, דְּבֵיתְהוּ דְּרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, אֲחָתֵיהּ דְּרַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל הֲוַאי. מֵהָהוּא מַעֲשֶׂה וְאֵילָךְ, לָא הֲוָה שָׁבְקָה לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר לְמִיפַּל עַל אַפֵּיהּ. הָהוּא יוֹמָא רֵישׁ יַרְחָא הֲוָה, וְאִיחַלַּף לַהּ בֵּין מָלֵא לְחָסֵר. אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: אֲתָא עַנְיָא וְקָאֵי אַבָּבָא, אַפִּיקָא לֵיהּ רִיפְתָּא. אַשְׁכַּחְתֵּיהּ דְּנָפֵל עַל אַנְפֵּיהּ. אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: קוּם, (קטלית לאחי) [קְטַלְיתֵּהּ לְאָח]. אַדְּהָכִי נְפַק שִׁיפּוּרָא מִבֵּית רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל דִּשְׁכֵיב. אֲמַר לַהּ: מְנָא יְדַעְתְּ? אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: כָּךְ מְקוּבְּלַנִי מִבֵּית אֲבִי אַבָּא: כׇּל הַשְּׁעָרִים נִנְעָלִים חוּץ מִשַּׁעֲרֵי אוֹנָאָה.

The Gemara further relates: Imma Shalom, the wife of Rabbi Eliezer, was the sister of Rabban Gamliel. From that incident forward, she would not allow Rabbi Eliezer to lower his head and recite the taḥanun prayer, which includes supplication and entreaties. She feared that were her husband to bemoan his fate and pray at that moment, her brother would be punished. A certain day was around the day of the New Moon, and she inadvertently substituted a full thirty-day month for a deficient twenty-nine-day month, i.e., she thought that it was the New Moon, when one does not lower his head in supplication, but it was not. Some say that a pauper came and stood at the door, and she took bread out to him. The result was that she left her husband momentarily unsupervised. When she returned, she found him and saw that he had lowered his head in prayer. She said to him: Arise, you already killed my brother. Meanwhile, the sound of a shofar emerged from the house of Rabban Gamliel to announce that the Nasi had died. Rabbi Eliezer said to her: From where did you know that your brother would die? She said to him: This is the tradition that I received from the house of the father of my father: All the gates of Heaven are apt to be locked, except for the gates of prayer for victims of verbal mistreatment.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Ta'anit 2:1–4

משנה תענית ב׳:א׳-ד׳

Mishnah Ta'anit 2:1-4

The public fast service is structured around bringing the Ark out, placing ashes on it and the leader, and delivering words of supplication and repentance. This is an early rabbinic witness to institutionalized communal supplication, distinct from the daily Tachanun of the later siddur.

סֵדֶר תַּעֲנִיּוֹת כֵּיצַד, מוֹצִיאִין אֶת הַתֵּבָה לִרְחוֹבָהּ שֶׁל עִיר, וְנוֹתְנִין אֵפֶר מִקְלֶה עַל גַּבֵּי הַתֵּבָה, וּבְרֹאשׁ הַנָּשִׂיא וּבְרֹאשׁ אַב בֵּית דִּין, וְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד נוֹתֵן בְּרֹאשׁוֹ. הַזָּקֵן שֶׁבָּהֶן אוֹמֵר לִפְנֵיהֶן דִּבְרֵי כִבּוּשִׁין, אַחֵינוּ, לֹא נֶאֱמַר בְּאַנְשֵׁי נִינְוֵה, וַיַּרְא הָאֱלֹהִים אֶת שַׂקָּם וְאֶת תַּעֲנִיתָם, אֶלָּא (יונה ג) וַיַּרְא הָאֱלֹהִים אֶת מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם, כִּי שָׁבוּ מִדַּרְכָּם הָרָעָה. וּבַקַּבָּלָה הוּא אוֹמֵר (יואל ב) וְקִרְעוּ לְבַבְכֶם וְאַל בִּגְדֵיכֶם: עָמְדוּ בִתְפִלָּה, מוֹרִידִין לִפְנֵי הַתֵּבָה זָקֵן וְרָגִיל, וְיֶשׁ לוֹ בָנִים, וּבֵיתוֹ רֵיקָם, כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא לִבּוֹ שָׁלֵם בַּתְּפִלָּה, וְאוֹמֵר לִפְנֵיהֶם עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע בְּרָכוֹת, שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה שֶׁבְּכָל יוֹם, וּמוֹסִיף עֲלֵיהֶן עוֹד שֵׁשׁ:

What is the customary order of fast days? Normally the sacred ark in the synagogue, which was mobile, was kept in a locked room. However, on fast days they remove the ark to the main city square and place burnt ashes upon the ark, as a sign of mourning. And they also place ashes on the head of the Nasi, and on the head of the deputy Nasi, and each and every member of the community likewise places ashes upon his head. The eldest member of the community says to the congregation statements of reproof, for example: Our brothers, it is not stated with regard to the people of Nineveh: And God saw their sackcloth and their fasting. Rather, the verse says: “And God saw their deeds, that they had turned from their evil way” (Jonah 3:10). And in the Prophets it says: “And rend your hearts and not your garments, and return to the Lord your God” (Joel 2:13). This teaches that prayer and fasting are insufficient, as one must also repent and amend his ways in practice. They stood for prayer. The congregation appoints an elder, who is experienced in leading prayer, to descend before the ark as communal prayer leader. And this prayer leader must have children and must have an empty house, i.e., he must be poor, so that his heart will be fully concentrated on the prayer for the needs of his community. And he recites twenty-four blessings before the congregation: The eighteen blessings of the everyday Amida prayer, to which he adds another six blessings,

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Mishnah Berakhot 5:1

משנה ברכות ה׳

Mishnah Berakhot 5:1

The Mishnah discusses the disposition required for prayer and the practice of directing one’s heart toward God. It provides liturgical context for supplication but does not mention the fixed prayer known as Tachanun by that name.

אֵין עוֹמְדִין לְהִתְפַּלֵּל אֶלָּא מִתּוֹךְ כֹּבֶד רֹאשׁ. חֲסִידִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הָיוּ שׁוֹהִים שָׁעָה אַחַת וּמִתְפַּלְּלִים, כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּכַוְּנוּ אֶת לִבָּם לַמָּקוֹם. אֲפִלּוּ הַמֶּלֶךְ שׁוֹאֵל בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ, לֹא יְשִׁיבֶנּוּ. וַאֲפִלּוּ נָחָשׁ כָּרוּךְ עַל עֲקֵבוֹ, לֹא יַפְסִיק:

Source 6 · Rishonim
Verified

Tur, Orach Chayim 131

טור, אורח חיים קל״א

Tur, Orach Chayim 131

After the cantor completes the repetition of the Amidah, the congregation falls on their faces and supplicates; the Rambam rules that one should fall on his face, incline somewhat, and the community does likewise, then rise and lift his head while remaining slightly in supplication from a seated position in a loud voice; Rav Natronai writes that one falling on his face must keep his face raised above the ground so as not to appear to bow to what is before him, and a distinguished person bows to the left while lifting the right side; Ashkenazi practice is to incline to the right; the passage cites Talmudic sources indicating that when Abaye and Rava fell on their faces they inclined to their sides rather than fully prostrate themselves; and a further source quotes Rabbi Akiva describing tachanun as the congregation falling on their faces to beseech mercy, with each person petitioning God with prescribed language acknowledging human insignificance and requesting that their prayer be

ולאחר שיסיים ש"ץ חזרת תפלה נופלים על פניהם ומתחננין וז"ל הרמב"ם ז"ל לאחר שישלים התפלה יפול על פניו ויטה מעט הוא וכל הציבור ויתחנן והוא נופל וישב ויגביה ראשו הוא ושאר העם ומתחנן מעט בקול רם מיושב ורב נטרונאי כתב וז"ל הנופל על פניו צריך לתלות פניו למעלה מן הקרקע כדי שלא יהא נראה כמשתחוה לשלפניו ואדם חשוב לצד שמאל ומגביה צד ימין ובאשכנז נוהגין להטות על צד ימין והכי איתא במדרש במקרא דוימינו תחבקני ואיתמר נמי במגילה בפרק הקורא אמר רב חייא ב"ר הונא חזינא לאביי ורבא דכי נפלו על אפייהו מצלי אצלויי פי' היו מטין על צדיהם ולא היו משתחוים על פניהם אפילו בלא פישוט ידים ורגלים אף על פי שמן התורה אין השתחויה אסורה על הרצפה אלא בפישוט ידים ורגלים מדרבנן אסור אף בלא פישוט ידים ורגלים ור"ע כתב וז"ל ונופלין ציבור על פניהם ומבקשים רחמים ושואל כל אחד בקשתו ואומר רבון כל העולמים ואדוני האדונים האל הגדול הגבור והנורא רחם עלינו שאנחנו עבדיך ומעשה ידי בשר ודם עפר רמה ותולעה מה אנו מה חיינו מה חסדנו מה צדקינו מה גבורתנו מה נאמר לפניך ה' או"א הלא כל הגבורים כאין לפניך ואנשי השם כלא היו וחכמים כבלי מדע ונבונים כבלי השכל כי כל מעשיהם תוהו וימי חייהם הבל לפניך מה נאמר לפניך ה' אלהינו כי אנחנו העוינו והרשענו ואין לנו כהן לעשות חובותינו ולא כהן גדול שיכפר על חטאתינו ולא מזבח להקריב עליו קרבן ולא בית קדשי הקדשים להתפלל שם ולכן יר"מ שתהא תפלתנו שאנו מתפללין לפניך מקובלת ותחשב לפניך כפרים וכבשים כאילו הקרבנו אותם ע"ג המזבח ותרצנו וכו' ואית דבעו מימר הא דר' ינאי דאמר כד ניעור משנתיה לימא רבוני חטאתי לפניך יר"מ ה' או"א שתתן לי לב טוב וחלק טוב ורוח נמוכה ונפש שפלה ושכל טוב ואל יתחלל שמך בנו ואל תעשנו שיחה בפי הבריות ואל תהי אחריתנו להכרית ותקותנו למפח נפש ואל תצריכנו למתנת ב"ו שמתנתם מעוטה וחרפתם מרובה ותן חלקנו בתורתך עם עושי רצונך ובנה עירך וביתך והיכלך ומקדשך במהרה בימינו מהר עננו ופדנו מכל גזירות קשות והושיעה ברחמיך הרבים משיח צדקך ועמך ועומד החזן ואומר א"מ חננו ועננו כי אין בנו מעשים עשה עמנו צדקה והושיענו למען שמך ואנחנו לא נדע וכו' ורב נטרונאי כתב נפילת אפים בציבור על פניהם אחר התפלה רשות היא ונופלים בבית האבל ואין נופלין בבית החתן א"ר אלעזר אין אדם חשוב רשאי ליפול על פניו אא"כ נענה כיהושע בן נון פירוש אא"כ הוא בטוח שיענה כיהושע.

Source 7 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 131

שולחן ערוך הרב, אורח חיים קל״א

Shulchan Arukh HaRav, Orach Chayim 131

The custom of falling on one's face (nefilat appayim) is a practice that all of Israel has observed from ancient times.

וְגַם עִקַּר נְפִילַת אַפַּיִם הוּא מִנְהָג שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִימוֹת עוֹלָם.

Source 8 · Modern
External

כריעה בברכו

רבבות אפרים, ח״ה סי׳ ק״צ

Revavos Ephraim 5:190

The author expresses uncertainty about when a certain custom began (possibly at the start of the Amidah's eighteen blessings) and acknowledges not knowing the origin of this practice, while noting that Rabbi Chanoch (the author's teacher and yeshiva head) has also examined this matter, and promising to explore and expand on this topic further in another place.

כמו בהתחלת שמתה עשרה ואם כן מאין התחיל המנהג הזה, וצ״ל מזמן הכל בו הנ״ל ועיין בזה, דדידי הרב ר׳ חנוך הענך ראס שליט״א מנהל דישיבה דפה העיתי לזה, ואי״ה עוד חזץ למועד ואשנה ואאריך בפרק וענין זה ופה ק צ תו. ועיץ בסימן רפ״א

On this pageThe author expresses uncertainty about when a certain custom began (possibly at the start of the Amidah's eighteen blessings) and acknowledges not knowing the origin of this practice, while noting that Rabbi Chanoch (the author's teacher and yeshiva head) has also examined this matter, and promising to explore and expand on this topic further in another place.

Revavos Ephraim 5:190 — page scan on HebrewBooks
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Chassidusחסידות

Chassidic Perspectives on the Seventeenth of Tammuz

Sources exploring the spiritual significance and mystical dimensions of the fast of the Seventeenth of Tammuz, including its role in communal repentance and divine providence. The texts address both the halakhic framework of the fast and its deeper spiritual meaning within Jewish tradition.

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Halachaהלכה

The Prohibition Against Excessive Kaddish

Jewish law addresses the impropriety of reciting multiple Kaddishim beyond those established in the fixed prayer structure. Sources explain that Kaddish requires a genuine communal setting, proper attentiveness, and measured use in order to preserve its sanctity and the congregation's reverence.

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Tanakhתנ״ך

Midrashic Interpretations of Hannah's Prayer

Rabbinic and medieval commentaries explore the spiritual dimensions of Hannah's silent prayer at Shiloh, deriving principles of proper prayer practice, divine remembrance, and the nature of heartfelt petition from her words and actions. Sources range from Talmudic discussions of prayer law to detailed textual commentary.

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Mitzvotמצוות

The Origin of the Challah Mitzvah

These sources trace the biblical and rabbinic foundations of the mitzvah to separate challah from dough. The obligation originates in Numbers 15, where God commands the Israelites to set aside a portion as a gift to the kohen, with the Rambam clarifying that it is biblically mandated only in the Land of Israel and rabbinically observed in the diaspora.

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Halachaהלכה

The Laws of Nesias Kapayim and Priestly Disqualifications

These sources address the halakhic requirements and conditions for the Priestly Benediction, including when a kohen may and may not lift his hands. The sources discuss the necessary quorum, physical requirements, ritual conditions, and specific disqualifying blemishes.

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