Halachaהלכה

The Laws of Nesias Kapayim and Priestly Disqualifications

These sources address the halakhic requirements and conditions for the Priestly Benediction, including when a kohen may and may not lift his hands. The sources discuss the necessary quorum, physical requirements, ritual conditions, and specific disqualifying blemishes.

כֹּהֵן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּיָדָיו מוּמִין לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו

19 sources · all verified

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What the sources say

The primary Talmudic locus for the laws of nesias kapayim is Sotah 38a, which derives through a gezerah shavah on the word "כֹּה" that the Priestly Benediction must be recited with lifted hands, linking "כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ" to the verse "וַיִּשָּׂא אַהֲרֹן אֶת יָדָיו אֶל הָעָם וַיְבָרְכֵם" — and this same tractate continues at Sotah 38b to teach that a kohen who does not ascend the platform violates three positive commandments ("כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ", "אָמוֹר לָהֶם", "וְשָׂמוּ אֶת שְׁמִי"), while Rav adds the concern that such a kohen may be the son of a divorcée or ḥalutzah and therefore disqualified.

Megillah 24 (paralleled at Megillah 24b) enumerates additional categories of kohanim who may not duchen, teaching that visible blemishes on the face, hands, or feet disqualify a kohen because the congregation will stare at him, and extending this to spotted hands, bent or crooked hands, and — as Rabbi Yehuda adds — hands dyed with blue satis dye.

Sotah 39a further teaches that a kohen who did not first wash his hands may not lift them, deriving this from "שְׂאוּ יְדֵיכֶם קֹדֶשׁ" (Tehillim 134:2), and Berakhot 32b adds that a kohen who has killed a person may not lift his hands, from the verse "יְדֵיכֶם דָּמִים מָלֵאוּ".

Megillah 23 establishes the framework that nesias kapayim may not be performed with fewer than ten men, deriving from "וְנִקְדַּשְׁתִּי בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" that any matter of sanctity requires a minyan — a rule codified in Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 128:1.

Source 1 · Chazal
Verified

Sotah 37b:13

Sotah 37b:13

The Mishnah describes how the Kohanim's blessing is recited: in the provinces it is recited as three blessings, while in the Temple it is recited as one blessing, and in the Temple the Divine Name is pronounced.

מַתְנִי׳ בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים כֵּיצַד? בַּמְּדִינָה אוֹמֵר אוֹתָהּ שָׁלֹשׁ בְּרָכוֹת, וּבַמִּקְדָּשׁ בְּרָכָה אַחַת. בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ אוֹמֵר אֶת הַשֵּׁם

Source 2 · Chazal
Verified

Berakhot 34

ברכות ל״ד — ד"ה חַבְרוּתָא כְּלַפֵּי שְׁמַיָּא מִי אִיכָּא

Berakhot 34:1

The one who passes before the ark should not answer "amen" after the kohanim due to distraction, and if there is no other kohen present, he should not lift his hands; however, if he is confident he will lift his hands and return to his prayer, he is permitted. The Gemara teaches that one who passes before the ark must refuse (the honor of leading), and if he does not refuse it is like a dish without salt, but if he refuses excessively it is like a dish over-salted with salt; the proper manner is to refuse on the first request, hesitate on the second, and on the third extend his leg and descend (to lead).

הָעוֹבֵר לִפְנֵי הַתֵּיבָה לֹא יַעֲנֶה ״אָמֵן״ אַחַר הַכֹּהֲנִים, מִפְּנֵי הַטֵּרוּף. וְאִם אֵין שָׁם כֹּהֵן אֶלָּא הוּא — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. וְאִם הַבְטָחָתוֹ שֶׁהוּא נוֹשֵׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, וְחוֹזֵר לִתְפִלָּתוֹ — רַשַּׁאי. גְּמָ׳ תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הָעוֹבֵר לִפְנֵי הַתֵּיבָה — צָרִיךְ לְסָרֵב. וְאִם אֵינוֹ מְסָרֵב — דּוֹמֶה לְתַבְשִׁיל שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ מֶלַח. וְאִם מְסָרֵב יוֹתֵר מִדַּאי — דּוֹמֶה לְתַבְשִׁיל שֶׁהִקְדִּיחַתּוּ מֶלַח. כֵּיצַד הוּא עוֹשֶׂה: פַּעַם רִאשׁוֹנָה — יְסָרֵב, שְׁנִיָּה — מְהַבְהֵב, שְׁלִישִׁית — פּוֹשֵׁט אֶת רַגְלָיו וְיוֹרֵד.

Source 3 · Chazal
Verified

Megillah 23

מגילה כ״ג — ד"ה כְּנֶגְדּוֹ נָמֵי לָא בָּעֵי

Megillah 23:2

The mishna lists acts of communal sanctity that require a quorum of ten men, including nesias kapayim (lifting of hands for the Priestly Benediction), and the gemara derives this requirement from the verse "And I shall be hallowed among the children of Israel," interpreting it to mean that any expression of sanctity may not be performed with fewer than ten men present.

מַתְנִי׳ אֵין פּוֹרְסִין עַל שְׁמַע, וְאֵין עוֹבְרִין לִפְנֵי הַתֵּיבָה, וְאֵין נוֹשְׂאִין אֶת כַּפֵּיהֶם, וְאֵין קוֹרִין בְּתוֹרָה, וְאֵין מַפְטִירִין בַּנָּבִיא, וְאֵין עוֹשִׂין מַעֲמָד וּמוֹשָׁב, וְאֵין אוֹמְרִים בִּרְכַּת אֲבֵלִים וְתַנְחוּמֵי אֲבֵלִים, וּבִרְכַּת חֲתָנִים, וְאֵין מְזַמְּנִין בְּשֵׁם — פָּחוֹת מֵעֲשָׂרָה. וּבְקַרְקָעוֹת — תִּשְׁעָה וְכֹהֵן, וְאָדָם כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. גְּמָ׳ מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי? אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״וְנִקְדַּשְׁתִּי בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״, כׇּל דָּבָר שֶׁבִּקְדוּשָּׁה לֹא יְהֵא פָּחוֹת מֵעֲשָׂרָה.

MISHNA: One does not recite the introductory prayers and blessing [poresin] before Shema; nor does one pass before the ark to repeat the Amida prayer; nor do the priests lift their hands to recite the Priestly Benediction; nor is the Torah read in public; nor does one conclude with a reading from the Prophets [haftara] in the presence of fewer than ten men. And one does not observe the practice of standing up and sitting down for the delivery of eulogies at a funeral service; nor does one recite the mourners’ blessing or comfort mourners in two lines after the funeral; or recite the bridegrooms’ blessing; and one does not invite others to recite Grace after Meals, i.e., conduct a zimmun, with the name of God, with fewer than ten men present. If one consecrated land and now wishes to redeem it, the land must be assessed by nine men and one priest, for a total of ten. And similarly, assessing the value of a person who has pledged his own value to the Temple must be undertaken by ten people, one of whom must be a priest. GEMARA: The Gemara asks: From where are these matters, i.e., that ten people are needed in each of these cases, derived? Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is as the verse states: “And I shall be hallowed among the children of Israel” (Leviticus 22:32), which indicates that any expression of sanctity may not be recited in a quorum of fewer than ten men.

Source 4 · Chazal
Verified

Sotah 40

סוטה מ׳ — ד"ה בִּנְעִילָה דְּיוֹמָא דְכִיפּוּרֵי מַאי אָמַר

Sotah 40:1

Rabbi Yitzḥak teaches that respect for the congregation must always be maintained, citing the example that priests face the people during the blessing with their backs toward the Divine Presence; the Sages derive from this principle the ordinance (one of nine instituted by Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai) that priests may not ascend the platform to recite the benediction in their sandals, which Rav Ashi explains is due to concern that a sandal strap might break and cause the priest to leave, leading people to suspect he was disqualified from the priesthood.

אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק: לְעוֹלָם תְּהֵא אֵימַת צִבּוּר עָלֶיךָ, שֶׁהֲרֵי כֹּהֲנִים פְּנֵיהֶם כְּלַפֵּי הָעָם וַאֲחוֹרֵיהֶם כְּלַפֵּי שְׁכִינָה. רַבָּנַן אָמְרִי מֵהָכָא: דְּאֵין הַכֹּהֲנִים רַשָּׁאִין לַעֲלוֹת בְּסַנְדְּלֵיהֶן לַדּוּכָן. וְזֶהוּ אַחַת מִתֵּשַׁע תַּקָּנוֹת שֶׁהִתְקִין רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי. מַאי טַעְמָא — לָאו מִשּׁוּם כְּבוֹד צִבּוּר? אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: לָא, הָתָם שֶׁמָּא נִפְסְקָה לוֹ רְצוּעָה בְּסַנְדָּלוֹ וַהֲדַר אָזֵיל לְמִיקְטְרֵיהּ, וְאָמְרִי: בֶּן גְּרוּשָׁה אוֹ בֶּן חֲלוּצָה הוּא.

§ Rabbi Yitzḥak says: The awe of the public should always be upon you, i.e., one must always treat the public courteously. As when the priests bless the people they face the people and their backs are toward the Divine Presence, out of respect for the congregation. The Sages say that the importance of showing respect for the congregation is derived from here: The halakha is that the priests are not permitted to ascend the platform to recite the benediction in their sandals, as is taught in a baraita. And this halakha is one of nine ordinances that Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai instituted. What is the reason for this ordinance? Is it not out of respect for the congregation, as it would be disrespectful for the priests to display their dirty sandals in front of the congregants? Rav Ashi said: No, this is not the reason. There, in the baraita, the reason is a concern lest a strap of his sandal break, and he will therefore return to his place to go tie it and not ascend the platform in time for the benediction, and people will say that he was removed from the platform because he is disqualified from the priesthood, as he is the son of a priest and a divorced woman or the son of a priest and a ḥalutza.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

Megillah 24

מגילה כ״ד — ד"ה הָכָא נָמֵי

Megillah 24:2

A kohen with visible blemishes on his face, hands, or feet may not lift his hands for the Priestly Benediction; specific disqualifying conditions include white-spotted hands, curved or bent hands, speech defects (such as mispronouncing gutturals), and blindness in one eye, though some conditions like hand-dyeing with blue dye or a cleft palate may be permitted in certain circumstances.

מַתְנִי׳ כֹּהֵן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּיָדָיו מוּמִין לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: אַף מִי שֶׁהָיוּ יָדָיו צְבוּעוֹת סְטֵיס לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָעָם מִסְתַּכְּלִין בּוֹ. גְּמָ׳ תָּנָא: מוּמִין שֶׁאָמְרוּ, בְּפָנָיו יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: יָדָיו בּוֹהֲקָנִיּוֹת — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: יָדָיו בּוֹהֲקָנִיּוֹת — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. עֲקוּמּוֹת עֲקוּשׁוֹת — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. אָמַר רַב אַסִּי: חֵיפָנִי וּבֵישָׁנִי — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: אֵין מוֹרִידִין לִפְנֵי הַתֵּיבָה לֹא אַנְשֵׁי בֵּית שְׁאָן וְלֹא אַנְשֵׁי (בֵּית) חֵיפָה וְלֹא אַנְשֵׁי טִבְעוֹנִין, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁקּוֹרִין לָאַלְפִין עַיְינִין וְלָעַיְינִין אַלְפִין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי חִיָּיא לְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר רַבִּי: אִלְמָלֵי אַתָּה לֵוִי — פָּסוּל אַתָּה מִן הַדּוּכָן, מִשּׁוּם דַּעֲבֵי קָלָךְ. אֲתָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ לַאֲבוּהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: זִיל אֵימָא לֵיהּ: כְּשֶׁאַתָּה מַגִּיעַ אֵצֶל ״וְחִכִּיתִי לַה׳״, לֹא נִמְצֵאת מְחָרֵף וּמְגַדֵּף?! אָמַר רַב הוּנָא: זַבְלְגָן לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. וְהָא הַהוּא דַּהֲוָה בְּשִׁיבָבוּתֵיהּ דְּרַב הוּנָא, וַהֲוָה פָּרֵיס יְדֵיהּ! הָהוּא דָּשׁ בְּעִירוֹ הֲוָה. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: זַבְלְגָן לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, וְאִם הָיָה דָּשׁ בְּעִירוֹ — מוּתָּר. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: סוֹמֵא בְּאַחַת מֵעֵינָיו — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. וְהָא הַהוּא דַּהֲוָה בְּשִׁיבָבוּתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן דַּהֲוָה פָּרֵיס יְדֵיהּ! הָהוּא דָּשׁ בְּעִירוֹ הֲוָה. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: סוֹמֵא בְּאַחַת מֵעֵינָיו — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, וְאִם הָיָה דָּשׁ בְּעִירוֹ — מוּתָּר.

MISHNA: A priest who has blemishes on his hands may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. Because of his blemish, people will look at his hands, and it is prohibited to look at the hands of the priests during the Priestly Benediction. Rabbi Yehuda says: Even one whose hands were colored with satis, a blue dye, may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction because the congregation will look at him. GEMARA: It is taught in a baraita: The blemishes that the Sages said disqualify a priest from reciting the Priestly Benediction include any blemishes found on his face, hands, and feet, but not blemishes that are not visible to others. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: If his hands are spotted with white blotches, he may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. The Gemara notes that this is also taught in a baraita: If a priest’s hands are spotted, he may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. Similarly, if his hands are curved inward or bent sideways, he may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. Apropos the previous discussion, Rav Asi said: A priest from Haifa or Beit She’an may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction, as he does not know how to properly pronounce the guttural letters. This is also taught in a baraita: One may not allow the people of Beit She’an, nor the people of Beit Haifa, nor the people of Tivonin to pass before the ark in order to lead the service because they pronounce alef as ayin and ayin as alef, and they thereby distort the meaning of the prayers. The Gemara relates that Rabbi Ḥiyya once said to Rabbi Shimon, son of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: If you were a Levite, you would be disqualified from singing on the platform in the Temple courtyard because your voice is thick. Offended by this remark, Rabbi Shimon went and told his father, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, what Rabbi Ḥiyya had said. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: Go and say to him: When you study and reach the verse: “And I will wait upon [veḥikkiti] the Lord” (Isaiah 8:17), will you not be a maligner and a blasphemer? Rabbi Ḥiyya, who was from Babylonia, was unable to differentiate between the letters ḥet and heh, and he would therefore pronounce the word veḥikkiti as vehikkiti, which means: And I will strike. Rav Huna said: A priest whose eyes constantly run with tears may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. The Gemara asks: Wasn’t there a certain priest with this condition in the neighborhood of Rav Huna, and he would spread his hands and recite the Priestly Benediction? The Gemara answers: That priest was a familiar figure in his town. Since the other residents were accustomed to seeing him, he would not draw their attention during the Priestly Benediction. This is also taught in a baraita: One whose eyes run should not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction, but if he is a familiar figure in his town, he is permitted to do so. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: One who is blind in one eye may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction because people will gaze at him. The Gemara asks: Wasn’t there a certain priest who was blind in one eye in the neighborhood of Rabbi Yoḥanan, and he would lift his hands and recite the Priestly Benediction? The Gemara answers: That priest was a familiar figure in his town, and therefore he would not attract attention during the Priestly Benediction. This is also taught in a baraita: One who is blind in one eye may not lift his hands and recite the Priestly Benediction, but if he is a familiar figure in his town, he is permitted to do so.

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

Rosh Hashanah 28

ראש השנה כ״ח — ד"ה אֲבָל הָכָא

Rosh Hashanah 28:2

A baraita teaches that a priest ascending the platform to recite the Priestly Blessing is prohibited from adding blessings of his own, derived from the verse "You shall not add to the word which I command you," and the passage discusses whether this prohibition applies when the priest has completed the recitation and whether it differs if he encounters another congregation that would allow him to recite the blessing again.

מֵתִיב רַב שֶׁמֶן בַּר אַבָּא: מִנַּיִן לְכֹהֵן שֶׁעוֹלֶה לַדּוּכָן, שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמַר: הוֹאִיל וְנָתְנָה לִי תּוֹרָה רְשׁוּת לְבָרֵךְ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹסִיף בְּרָכָה אַחַת מִשֶּׁלִּי, כְּגוֹן: ״ה׳ אֱלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם יוֹסֵף עֲלֵיכֶם״ — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״לֹא תוֹסִיפוּ עַל הַדָּבָר״. וְהָא הָכָא, כֵּיוָן דְּבָרֵיךְ לֵיהּ — עָבְרָה לֵיהּ זִמְנֵיהּ, וְקָתָנֵי דְּעָבַר! הָכָא בְּמַאי עָסְקִינַן — בִּדְלָא סַיֵּים. וְהָתַנְיָא סִיֵּים! סִיֵּים בְּרָכָה אַחַת. וְהָתַנְיָא: סִיֵּים כׇּל בִּרְכוֹתָיו! שָׁאנֵי הָכָא, כֵּיוָן דְּאִלּוּ מִתְרְמֵי לֵיהּ צִבּוּרָא אַחֲרִינָא, הָדַר מְבָרֵךְ — כּוּלֵּיהּ יוֹמָא זִמְנֵיהּ הוּא.

Rav Shemen bar Abba raised an objection from that which was taught in a baraita: From where is it derived that a priest who went up to the platform to recite the Priestly Blessing should not say: Since the Torah granted me permission to bless the Jewish people, I will add a blessing of my own, which is not part of the Priestly Blessing stated in the Torah, for example: “May the Lord God of your fathers make you a thousand times as many as you are” (Deuteronomy 1:11)? It is derived from the verse that states: “You shall not add to the word which I command you” (Deuteronomy 4:2). But here, since the priest already recited the Priestly Blessing, the time of the mitzva has passed, and according to Rava, after the prescribed time for performing a mitzva, one does not transgress the prohibition against adding to mitzvot, yet it nevertheless teaches that he has transgressed. The Gemara answers: With what are we dealing here? With a case where he did not complete the fixed text of the blessing but added to it in the middle. The Gemara raises an objection: Isn’t it taught explicitly in a parallel baraita: If he completed the Priestly Blessing. The Gemara answers: The baraita means that he completed one blessing, i.e., the first verse of the Priestly Blessing, but he still has two more blessings to recite. The Gemara raises a further difficulty: Isn’t it taught in another baraita dealing with the same issue: If he completed all of his blessings. The Gemara explains: Here, with regard to the Priestly Blessings, it is different, since if he encounters another congregation, he may recite the blessings again, from which we learn that the entire day is the prescribed time of the mitzva. Therefore, even if he added a blessing of his own only after he finished reciting all three verses of the Priestly Blessing, he is still considered to have added to the mitzva in its prescribed time, and he therefore transgresses the prohibition against adding to mitzvot.

Source 7 · Chazal
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Mishnah Berakhot 5:4

משנה ברכות ה׳:ד׳

Mishnah Berakhot 5:4

One who leads the prayers before the ark must not answer Amen after the kohanim due to confusion, and if he is the only kohen present he may not perform nesias kapayim; however, if he is confident he can perform nesias kapayim and return to his prayer, he is permitted.

הָעוֹבֵר לִפְנֵי הַתֵּיבָה, לֹא יַעֲנֶה אַחַר הַכֹּהֲנִים אָמֵן, מִפְּנֵי הַטֵּרוּף. וְאִם אֵין שָׁם כֹּהֵן אֶלָּא הוּא, לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. וְאִם הַבְטָחָתוֹ שֶׁהוּא נוֹשֵׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו וְחוֹזֵר לִתְפִלָּתוֹ, רַשַּׁאי:

Source 8 · Chazal
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Sotah 38b

סוטה ל״ח ב — ד"ה וְאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי

Sotah 38b:4

Continues the discussion of Birkat Kohanim: debates whether a kohen who has sinned or is disqualified for other reasons (e.g., one who killed, one with blemished hands) may duchen, and whether the blessing is valid after the fact.

וְאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: כׇּל כֹּהֵן שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹלֶה לַדּוּכָן — עוֹבֵר בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה עֲשֵׂה: ״כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ״, ״אָמוֹר לָהֶם״, ״וְשָׂמוּ אֶת שְׁמִי״. רַב אָמַר: חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא בֶּן גְּרוּשָׁה אוֹ בֶּן חֲלוּצָה הוּא. וְלָא פְּלִיגִי, הָא — דְּסָלֵיק לִפְרָקִים, הָא — דְּלָא סָלֵיק לִפְרָקִים.

And Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: Any priest who does not ascend the platform to recite the Priestly Benediction violates three positive mitzvot: “So you shall bless,” “And you shall say to them” (Numbers 6:23), and “So shall they put My name” (Numbers 6:27). Rav says: One need be concerned that a priest who does not ascend to recite the Priestly Benediction is perhaps the son of a priest and a divorced woman, or the son of a priest and a yevama who has performed ḥalitza [ḥalutza]. Perhaps he does not ascend to recite the Priestly Benediction because he is disqualified from the priesthood. The Gemara comments: And they do not disagree. This statement of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi is referring to a case where he ascends periodically. Therefore, there is no reason to believe that he is disqualified from the priesthood, and the assumption is that he violates three positive mitzvot. Whereas that statement of Rav is referring to a case where one does not ascend to recite the Priestly Benediction even periodically, and therefore there is reason to suspect that he is disqualified from the priesthood.

Source 9 · Chazal
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Sotah 39a

סוטה ל״ט א — ד"ה וְאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי

Sotah 39a:3

Continues the laws of Birkat Kohanim: discusses the prohibition on the kohen and congregation from doing other activities during duchening, the shaliach tzibbur's role in calling out the words, and whether a kohen may leave mid-blessing.

וְאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: כׇּל כֹּהֵן שֶׁלֹּא נָטַל יָדָיו — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״שְׂאוּ יְדֵיכֶם קֹדֶשׁ וּבָרְכוּ אֶת ה׳״. שָׁאֲלוּ תַּלְמִידָיו אֶת רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן שַׁמּוּעַ: בַּמָּה הֶאֱרַכְתָּ יָמִים? אָמַר לָהֶן: מִיָּמַי לֹא עָשִׂיתִי בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת קַפֶּנְדַּרְיָא, וְלֹא פָּסַעְתִּי עַל רָאשֵׁי עַם קוֹדֶשׁ, וְלֹא נָשָׂאתִי כַּפַּי בְּלֹא בְּרָכָה. מַאי מְבָרֵךְ? אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: ״אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בִּקְדוּשָּׁתוֹ שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן וְצִוָּנוּ לְבָרֵךְ אֶת עַמּוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּאַהֲבָה״.

And Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: Any priest who did not first wash his hands may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction; as it is stated: “Lift up [se’u] your hands in sanctity and bless the Lord” (Psalms 134:2), which teaches that before reciting the benediction one must sanctify his hands by washing them. § Rabbi Elazar ben Shammua was once asked by his disciples: To what do you attribute your longevity? He said to them: In all my days, I never made a shortcut [kappendarya] through a synagogue. Nor did I ever stride over the heads of the sacred people, i.e., I never stepped over people sitting in the study hall in order to reach my place, so as not to appear scornful of them. And I never lifted my hands for the Priestly Benediction without first reciting a blessing. The Gemara asks: What blessing do the priests recite before the benediction? Rabbi Zeira says that Rav Ḥisda says: Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with the sanctity of Aaron and commanded us to bless His people, Israel, with love.

Source 10 · Chazal
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Berakhot 32b

ברכות ל״ב ב — ד"ה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן

Berakhot 32b:4

Discusses the elevation of hands in prayer and the verse 'Lift up your hands to the sanctuary' (Psalms 134), providing the biblical basis for nesias kapayim.

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כׇּל כֹּהֵן שֶׁהָרַג אֶת הַנֶּפֶשׁ — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יְדֵיכֶם דָּמִים מָלֵאוּ״.

Speaking of that verse in Isaiah, the Gemara cites that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Any priest who killed a person may not lift his hands in the Priestly Blessing as it is stated: “And when you spread forth your hands I will hide My eyes from you…your hands are full of blood.” Here we see that the Priestly Blessing, performed with hands spread forth, is not accepted when performed by priests whose “hands are full of blood.”

Source 11 · Chazal
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Megillah 24b

מגילה כ״ד ב — ד"ה מַתְנִי׳ כֹּהֵן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּיָדָיו מוּמִין לֹא

Megillah 24b:8

Establishes that a kohen with blemished or discolored hands that would draw the congregation's attention may not duchen, because people would stare at him rather than focusing on the blessing.

מַתְנִי׳ כֹּהֵן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּיָדָיו מוּמִין לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: אַף מִי שֶׁהָיוּ יָדָיו צְבוּעוֹת סְטֵיס לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָעָם מִסְתַּכְּלִין בּוֹ. גְּמָ׳ תָּנָא: מוּמִין שֶׁאָמְרוּ, בְּפָנָיו יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: יָדָיו בּוֹהֲקָנִיּוֹת — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: יָדָיו בּוֹהֲקָנִיּוֹת — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. עֲקוּמּוֹת עֲקוּשׁוֹת — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. אָמַר רַב הוּנָא: זַבְלְגָן לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. וְהָא הַהוּא דַּהֲוָה בְּשִׁיבָבוּתֵיהּ דְּרַב הוּנָא, וַהֲוָה פָּרֵיס יְדֵיהּ! הָהוּא דָּשׁ בְּעִירוֹ הֲוָה. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: זַבְלְגָן לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, וְאִם הָיָה דָּשׁ בְּעִירוֹ — מוּתָּר. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: סוֹמֵא בְּאַחַת מֵעֵינָיו — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. וְהָא הַהוּא דַּהֲוָה בְּשִׁיבָבוּתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן דַּהֲוָה פָּרֵיס יְדֵיהּ! הָהוּא דָּשׁ בְּעִירוֹ הֲוָה. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: סוֹמֵא בְּאַחַת מֵעֵינָיו — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, וְאִם הָיָה דָּשׁ בְּעִירוֹ — מוּתָּר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: מִי שֶׁהָיוּ יָדָיו צְבוּעוֹת — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. תָּנָא: אִם רוֹב אַנְשֵׁי הָעִיר מְלַאכְתָּן בְּכָךְ — מוּתָּר.

MISHNA: A priest who has blemishes on his hands may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. Because of his blemish, people will look at his hands, and it is prohibited to look at the hands of the priests during the Priestly Benediction. Rabbi Yehuda says: Even one whose hands were colored with satis, a blue dye, may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction because the congregation will look at him. GEMARA: It is taught in a baraita: The blemishes that the Sages said disqualify a priest from reciting the Priestly Benediction include any blemishes found on his face, hands, and feet, but not blemishes that are not visible to others. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: If his hands are spotted with white blotches, he may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. The Gemara notes that this is also taught in a baraita: If a priest’s hands are spotted, he may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. Similarly, if his hands are curved inward or bent sideways, he may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. Rav Huna said: A priest whose eyes constantly run with tears may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. The Gemara asks: Wasn’t there a certain priest with this condition in the neighborhood of Rav Huna, and he would spread his hands and recite the Priestly Benediction? The Gemara answers: That priest was a familiar figure in his town. Since the other residents were accustomed to seeing him, he would not draw their attention during the Priestly Benediction. This is also taught in a baraita: One whose eyes run should not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction, but if he is a familiar figure in his town, he is permitted to do so. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: One who is blind in one eye may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction because people will gaze at him. The Gemara asks: Wasn’t there a certain priest who was blind in one eye in the neighborhood of Rabbi Yoḥanan, and he would lift his hands and recite the Priestly Benediction? The Gemara answers: That priest was a familiar figure in his town, and therefore he would not attract attention during the Priestly Benediction. This is also taught in a baraita: One who is blind in one eye may not lift his hands and recite the Priestly Benediction, but if he is a familiar figure in his town, he is permitted to do so. We learned in the mishna that Rabbi Yehuda said: One whose hands are colored should not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction. It was taught in a baraita: If most of the townspeople are engaged in this occupation, dyeing, he is permitted to recite the Priestly Benediction, as the congregation will not pay attention to his stained hands.

Source 12 · Chazal
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Sotah 38a

סוטה ל״ח א — ד"ה תַּנְיָא אִידַּךְ

Sotah 38a:6

Primary Talmudic sugya for Birkat Kohanim: discusses the requirement that kohanim raise their hands (nesias kapayim), face the congregation, and recite the blessing with the Shem HaMeforash. Establishes core laws of duchening.

תַּנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ״ — בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם. אַתָּה אוֹמֵר בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם, אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹּא בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם? נֶאֱמַר כָּאן ״כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ״, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן ״וַיִּשָּׂא אַהֲרֹן אֶת יָדָיו אֶל הָעָם וַיְבָרְכֵם״. מָה לְהַלָּן בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם — אַף כָּאן בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם. קַשְׁיָא לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי יוֹנָתָן: אִי מָה לְהַלָּן כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל וְרֹאשׁ חוֹדֶשׁ וַעֲבוֹדַת צִבּוּר, אַף כָּאן כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל וְרֹאשׁ חוֹדֶשׁ וַעֲבוֹדַת צִיבּוּר? רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר: אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ, הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר ״הוּא וּבָנָיו כׇּל הַיָּמִים״, מַקִּישׁ בָּנָיו לוֹ: מָה הוּא בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם — אַף בָּנָיו בִּנְשִׂיאוּת כַּפַּיִם. וּכְתִיב: ״כׇּל הַיָּמִים״. וְאִיתַּקַּשׁ בְּרָכָה לְשֵׁירוּת.

It is taught in another baraita: “So you shall bless” means with lifted hands. Do you say that the priests must recite the benediction with lifted hands, or perhaps they may recite it without lifted hands? It is stated here: “So you shall bless,” and it is stated there, with regard to the dedication of the Tabernacle: “And Aaron lifted up his hands toward the people and blessed them” (Leviticus 9:22). Just as there, Aaron blessed the nation with lifted hands, so too here, the Priestly Benediction is recited with lifted hands. This halakha was difficult for Rabbi Yonatan to understand: If this halakha is derived from the dedication of the Tabernacle, then why not also say: Just as there, the High Priest was the one who recited the blessing, and it was the New Moon, and the offerings that were brought were a communal service, so too here, the Priestly Benediction must be recited only by the High Priest, and on the New Moon, and when performing a communal service? Rabbi Natan says: It is not necessary to derive from a verbal analogy that the Priestly Benediction is recited with lifted hands, as it says with regard to Aaron: “To stand to minister in the name of the Lord, him and his sons forever” (Deuteronomy 18:5). In this verse, his sons are juxtaposed with him. Just as Aaron recited the Priestly Benediction with lifted hands, so too, his sons recite the benediction with lifted hands. And furthermore, it is written “forever,” which indicates that it is referring not only to special occasions. And although the verse is not referring to the Priestly Benediction, the benediction is juxtaposed to the Temple service in another verse: “To minister to Him and to bless in His name” (Deuteronomy 10:8).

Source 13 · Chazal
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Ta'anit 26b

תענית כ״ו ב

Taanit 26b:7

Discusses that a kohen who has drunk wine (even a small amount) may not perform nesias kapayim, and lists other circumstances when duchening is prohibited.

גְּמָ׳ בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה פְּרָקִים בַּשָּׁנָה כֹּהֲנִים נוֹשְׂאִין אֶת כַּפֵּיהֶם כּוּ׳. תַּעֲנִיּוֹת וּמַעֲמָדוֹת מִי אִיכָּא מוּסָף? חַסּוֹרֵי מִיחַסְּרָא, וְהָכִי קָתָנֵי: בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה פְּרָקִים כֹּהֲנִים נוֹשְׂאִין אֶת כַּפֵּיהֶן כׇּל זְמַן שֶׁמִּתְפַּלְּלִין, וְיֵשׁ מֵהֶן אַרְבָּעָה פְּעָמִים בַּיּוֹם — שַׁחֲרִית וּמוּסָף מִנְחָה וּנְעִילַת שְׁעָרִים, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן שְׁלֹשָׁה פְּרָקִים: תַּעֲנִיּוֹת, וּמַעֲמָדוֹת, וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר אֲבוּהּ: זוֹ דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. אֲבָל חֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: שַׁחֲרִית וּמוּסָף — יֵשׁ בָּהֶן נְשִׂיאַת כַּפַּיִם, מִנְחָה וּנְעִילָה — אֵין בָּהֶן נְשִׂיאַת כַּפַּיִם. מַאן חֲכָמִים — רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הִיא. דְּתַנְיָא: שַׁחֲרִית וּמוּסָף מִנְחָה וּנְעִילָה כּוּלָּן יֵשׁ בָּהֶן נְשִׂיאַת כַּפַּיִם, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: שַׁחֲרִית וּמוּסָף — יֵשׁ בָּהֶן נְשִׂיאַת כַּפַּיִם, מִנְחָה וּנְעִילָה — אֵין בָּהֶן נְשִׂיאַת כַּפַּיִם. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: נְעִילָה — יֵשׁ בָּהּ נְשִׂיאַת כַּפַּיִם, מִנְחָה — אֵין בָּהּ נְשִׂיאַת כַּפַּיִם. בְּמַאי קָמִיפַּלְגִי? רַבִּי מֵאִיר סָבַר: כׇּל יוֹמָא טַעְמָא מַאי לָא פָּרְשִׂי כָּהֲנֵי יְדַיְיהוּ בְּמִנְחֲתָא — מִשּׁוּם שִׁכְרוּת, הָאִידָּנָא לֵיכָּא שִׁכְרוּת. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה סָבַר: שַׁחֲרִית וּמוּסָף דְּכׇל יוֹמָא לָא שְׁכִיחַ שִׁכְרוּת — לָא גְּזַרוּ בְּהוּ רַבָּנַן, מִנְחָה וּנְעִילָה דְּכׇל יוֹמָא שְׁכִיחָא שִׁכְרוּת — גְּזַרוּ בְּהוּ רַבָּנַן. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי סָבַר: מִנְחָה דְּאִיתַהּ בְּכׇל יוֹמָא — גְּזַרוּ בַּהּ רַבָּנַן, נְעִילָה דְּלֵיתַהּ בְּכׇל יוֹמָא — לָא גְּזַרוּ בַּהּ רַבָּנַן. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר. וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: נָהֲגוּ הָעָם כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר. וְרָבָא אָמַר: מִנְהָג כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר. מַאן דְּאָמַר הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר — דָּרְשִׁינַן לַהּ בְּפִירְקָא. מַאן דְּאָמַר מִנְהָג — מִידְרָשׁ לָא דָּרְשִׁינַן, אוֹרוֹיֵי מוֹרֵינַן. וּמַאן דְּאָמַר נָהֲגוּ — אוֹרוֹיֵי לָא מוֹרֵינַן, וְאִי עָבֵיד — עָבֵיד, וְלָא מַהְדְּרִינַן לֵיהּ. וְרַב נַחְמָן אָמַר: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי. וַהֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי. וְהָאִידָּנָא מַאי טַעְמָא פָּרְשִׂי כָּהֲנֵי יְדַיְיהוּ בְּמִנְחֲתָא דְתַעֲנִיתָא? כֵּיוָן דִּבְסָמוּךְ לִשְׁקִיעַת הַחַמָּה קָא פָּרְשִׂי — כִּתְפִילַּת נְעִילָה דָּמְיָא. דְּכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא מִיהַת שִׁכּוֹר אָסוּר בִּנְשִׂיאַת כַּפַּיִם. מְנָהָנֵי מִילֵּי? אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי מִשּׁוּם בַּר קַפָּרָא: לָמָּה נִסְמְכָה פָּרָשַׁת כֹּהֵן מְבָרֵךְ לְפָרָשַׁת נָזִיר? לוֹמַר: מָה נָזִיר אָסוּר בְּיַיִן, אַף כֹּהֵן מְבָרֵךְ אָסוּר בְּיַיִן.

GEMARA: The mishna taught: At three times in the year priests raise their hands to recite the Priestly Benediction four times in a single day: On communal fasts, non-priestly watches, and Yom Kippur. The Gemara asks: How do they recite the Priestly Benediction four times on these days? Do fast days and gatherings of non-priestly watches have an additional prayer? The Gemara explains that the mishna is incomplete and is teaching the following: At three times in the year priests raise their hands each time they pray, and on some of these they bless four times a day, in the morning prayer, in the additional prayer, in the afternoon prayer, and in the closing of the gates, i.e., the ne’ila prayer. And these are the three times: Communal fasts, non-priestly watches, and Yom Kippur. Rav Naḥman said that Rabba bar Avuh said: This mishna is the statement of Rabbi Meir. However, the Rabbis say: The morning prayer and the additional prayer have the Priestly Benediction of the raising of the hands, whereas the afternoon prayer and the closing prayer [ne’ila] do not have the raising of the hands. The Gemara asks: Who are these Rabbis, who disagree with Rabbi Meir? It is the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, as it is taught in a baraita: The morning prayer, the additional prayer, the afternoon prayer, and ne’ila all have the Priestly Benediction of the raising of the hands. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says: The morning prayer and the additional prayer have the raising of the hands, whereas the afternoon prayer and ne’ila do not have the raising of the hands. Rabbi Yosei says: Ne’ila has the raising of the hands; the afternoon prayer does not have the raising of the hands. The Gemara asks: With regard to what principle do they disagree? Rabbi Meir maintains: What is the reason that priests do not spread their hands to bless the people every day in the afternoon prayer? It is due to potential drunkenness, as people occasionally become intoxicated during their lunch, and it is prohibited for an inebriated priest to bless. However, now, on a fast day, there is no concern about drunkenness, and therefore the priests may recite the Priestly Benediction even in the afternoon prayer. Conversely, Rabbi Yehuda maintains that with regard to the morning prayer and the additional prayer, when drunkenness is not common on every ordinary day, the Sages did not issue a decree that the Priestly Benediction be omitted during them. However, with regard to the afternoon prayer and ne’ila, when drunkenness is common on every day, the Sages issued a decree that the Priestly Benediction should not be recited during them, despite the fact that intoxication is not a concern on a fast day. Finally, Rabbi Yosei maintains that with regard to the afternoon prayer, which is recited every day, the Sages issued a decree concerning it, whereas with regard to ne’ila, which is not recited every day, the Sages did not issue and apply their decree to it, as there is no concern that people might become confused between ne’ila and an afternoon prayer of a regular weekday. Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir. And Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The people act in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir. And Rava said: The custom is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir. The Gemara clarifies these statements. The one who said that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir means that this ruling is taught in the public lectures on Shabbat. The one who said that the custom is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir means that one does not teach this in public, but if someone comes to ask for a practical ruling, one instructs them in private that this is the halakha. And the one who said that the people act in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir means that one does not even instruct someone that this is the halakha, but if he acts in accordance with Rabbi Meir, he has acted in a valid manner and we do not require him to return and recite the prayer again. And Rav Naḥman said that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei. The Gemara concludes: And indeed, the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei. The Gemara asks: And nowadays, what is the reason that priests spread their hands to bless the people in the afternoon prayer of a fast? The Gemara explains: Since they spread their hands near sunset, it is considered like ne’ila, and therefore the decree of the Sages does not apply. In any event, based on the above, everyone agrees that it is prohibited for a drunken priest to raise his hands and recite the Priestly Benediction. The Gemara asks: From where are these matters derived? Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said in the name of bar Kappara: Why is the portion of the priest who recites the benediction (see Numbers 6:22–27) juxtaposed with the portion of the nazirite (see Numbers 6:1–21)? They are juxtaposed to say that just as it is prohibited for a nazirite to drink wine, so too, it is prohibited for a priest who recites the benediction to drink wine.

Source 14 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Tefillah 14:1–16

משנה תורה, הלכות תפילה וברכת כהנים י״ד:א׳-ט״ז

Mishneh Torah, Prayer and the Priestly Blessing 14:1-16

The priestly blessing is recited only in the holy tongue, and tradition from Moses teaches that it must be performed while standing, with raised hands, face to face, in a loud voice, in the holy tongue, and with God's explicit name (the last applying only in the Temple).

אֵין בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים נֶאֱמֶרֶת בְּכָל מָקוֹם אֶלָּא בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ו כג) ״כֹּה תְבָרַכוּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״. כָּךְ לָמְדוּ מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה מִמּשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם כֹּה תְּבָרְכוּ בַּעֲמִידָה. כֹּה תְּבָרְכוּ בִּנְשִׂיאַת כַּפַּיִם. כֹּה תְּבָרְכוּ בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ. כֹּה תְּבָרְכוּ פָּנִים כְּנֶגֶד פָּנִים. כֹּה תְּבָרְכוּ בְּקוֹל רָם. כֹּה תְּבָרְכוּ בְּשֵׁם הַמְפֹרָשׁ. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ:

Wherever the priestly blessing is recited, it is recited only in the holy tongue, as [implied by Numbers 6:23]: "This is how you should bless the children of Israel." We have learned the following [instructions] from the tradition [passed on] from Moses, our teacher, may he rest in peace: "This is how you should bless" - while standing. "This is how you should bless" - raising your hands. "This is how you should bless" - in the holy tongue. "This is how you should bless" - face to face. "This is how you should bless" - in a loud voice. "This is how you should bless" - mentioning [God's] explicit name; the latter [applying only] when one is in the Temple, as explained.

Source 15 · Rishonim
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Tur, Orach Chayim 128

טור, אורח חיים קכ״ח

Tur, Orach Chayim 128

The Tur's presentation of the laws of nesias kapayim: the ceremony's details, the posture and arrangement of the kohanim, when a kohen does not duchen, and rulings of the Rosh and Ramban on disputed cases.

כהן אינו רשאי להוסיף מדעתו ברכה יותר על אלו ג' פסוקים של ברכת כהנים ואם הוסיף עובר על בל תוסיף אבל אם בירך כבר ציבור אחד ובא למקום אחר ומצא ציבור שלא הגיעו לברכת כהנים יכול לברכם פעם אחרת ואלו שפסולים לישא כפיהם מי שיש לו מום בידיו כגון שהם בהקניות או עקומות או עקושות מפני שהעם מסתכלין בו והרמב"ם ז"ל כתב מי שיש לו מום בפניו או בידיו ורגליו לא ישא כפיו ובגמרא לא קאמר אלא בידיו מפני שהוא נושא אותם וניכר בהן זבלגן והוא מי שרירו יורד על זקנו וסומא באחת מעיניו לא ישא כפיו היו בני עירו רגילים בו ומכירין הכל שהוא זבלגן או סומא ישא כפיו:

Source 16 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 128:14

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים קכ״ח:י״ד

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 128:14

Birkat Kohanim requires four conditions: recitation in the holy language, standing posture, outstretched palms, and loud voice.

אין מברכין אלא בלשון הקודש ובעמידה ובנשיאת כפים ובקול רם:

We do not bless [Birkat Kohanim] except in the holy language [Hebrew]; while standing; with outstretched palms; and in a loud voice.

Source 17 · Acharonim
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Mishnah Berurah 128

משנה ברורה קכ״ח — ד"ה (ז) שאין בו אחד וכו' -

Mishnah Berurah 128:7

Rav Yisrael Meir Kagan's extensive commentary on Shulchan Arukh O.C. 128, clarifying and expanding the practical laws of nesias kapayim, including modern edge cases of who may or may not duchen and the precise manner of performance.

(ז) שאין בו אחד וכו' - כי לקמן בסימן זה מבואר הרבה דברים המעכבים לכהן לעלות לדוכן יש מהן שהן מדאורייתא לכמה פוסקים ויש מהן שהן לכו"ע מדרבנן ועיין לקמיה בס"ק י"ב: (ח) כעובר בג' - והוא כה תברכו אמור להם ושמו את שמי וגו' ומ"מ עיקר עשה אינו אלא אחת והוא כה תברכו שנאמרה בלשון צווי לברכה. כתבו הפוסקים דנשיאת כפים אין דוחה לאיסור טומאה והטעם כי יש בה עשה ולא תעשה [לנפש לא יטמא קדושים יהיו] ולכן אפילו מת פתאום אחר שכבר אמר הש"ץ כהנים דחל עליהם המצות עשה דנשיאת כפים אפ"ה צריכין לצאת תיכף החוצה. ואם הכהן אינו יודע מזה צריך להגיד לו מיהו אם הטומאה בבית הסמוך לביהכ"נ ואפשר לסתום הפתחים והחלונות של ביהכ"נ או של בית שהמת שם אפילו נודע לו א"צ לצאת עד שיגמור הנ"כ דנ"כ ד"ת וטומאה כזו אינה אלא מדרבנן. אמנם אם נודע לכהן קודם שנטל ידיו לעלות לדוכן טוב יותר שיצא תיכף החוצה: (יב) כשהכהנים אינם רוצים - כגון שהוא חלש וכדומה. ועיין במ"א שכתב בשם המרדכי שהיוצא צריך לצאת קודם שמתחילין רצה והטעם כדי שלא יאמרו שהם פגומים כשלא יעקרו ברצה וגם שהלוים היוצקים מים לא יבואו ויאמרו להם לעלות [א"ר]. וכתבו הפוסקים דהפסולים לעלות לדוכן אפילו פסולים דרבנן א"צ לצאת לחוץ דכשהחזן קורא כהנים אין כונתו על הפסולים והסכימו עוד דאפילו אם אמרו לו בפירוש עלה או כשאין בביהכ"נ רק פסולים דבודאי כונת הש"ץ שקורא כהנים הוא עליהן אפ"ה אין צריכין לעלות ואינם עוברין בעשה דהא אינם נמנעין מצד עצמן אלא החכמים מנעו אותם ויש כח בידם לעשות זה. ומ"מ באין בביהכ"נ כהנים אחרים רק אלו הפסולים דרבנן מצדד הא"ר שיצאו לחוץ קודם רצה וכן משמע מהגהת רע"א ע"ש:

Source 18 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 128

שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים קכ״ח — ד"ה נשיאת כפים ואיזה דברים הפוסלין בכהן

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 128:1

The master siman on Birkat Kohanim in practical halakha: covers nesias kapayim, when and where it is performed, who may not duchen (drunkard, one who killed, one with disputes with congregants, one who converted to idolatry, etc.), and many related details.

נשיאת כפים ואיזה דברים הפוסלין בכהן. ובו מה סעיפים: אין נשיאת כפים פחות מי' והכהנים מהמנין: ואין לזר לישא כפיו אפילו עם (כהנים אחרים) (בפ' ב' דכתובות דכ"ד דזר עובר בעשה) (ותו' פ' כל כתבי לא ידע ר"י מה איסור יש בזר העולה ואפשר דעם כהנים אחרים וצ"ע):

Raising the Hands [to perform Birkat Kohanim - The Priestly Blessing] And Which Things Invalidate A Kohen. Containing 45 S'ifim: There is no "raising of the hands" [i.e. Birkat Kohanim] with less than ten [i.e. a quorum/minyan], and the Kohanim [who bless come from] the minyan [i.e. they are part of the initial minyan; not in addition to it]. A non-Kohen should not "raise the hands", even along with (others who are Kohanim) (Ketubot, ch. 2, daf 24, states that a non-Kohen violates a positive commandment) (but Tosafot in the chapter "Kol Kitvei" [Shabbat, ch. 16] states that the R"i does not know what prohibition there would be for a non-Kohen who ascends [for Birkat Kohanim], and it is possible that along with others who are Kohanim [it would be permitted]; but this requires further consideration).

Source 19 · Acharonim
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Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 128

בית יוסף, אורח חיים קכ״ח — ד"ה כל כהן שאין בו אחד מהדברים

Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 128:3

The Beit Yosef traces each law of Birkat Kohanim to its Talmudic source (primarily Sotah and Megillah), reconciles the Rambam with the Rosh and Tur, and explains the cases of disqualification for duchening.

כל כהן שאין בו אחד מהדברים המעכבים צריך לישא את כפיו ואם אינו נושא עובר בג' עשה מימרא דריב"ל בפרק אלו נאמרין (סוטה לח.) וז"ל הרמב"ם בסוף הל' תפלה כל כהן שאינו עולה לדוכן אע"פ שביטל מצות עשה אחת ה"ז כעובר על ג' עשה ונראה שטעמו משום דליכא בלשון ציווי אלא כה תברכו בלבד איכא למימר דכי קאמר ריב"ל ה"ז עובר לאו דוקא אלא ה"ז כעובר: ומ"ש רבינו והוא שיהיה בב"ה כשקורא כהנים וכו' כ"כ הרא"ש בפ' הקורא את המגילה עומד וז"ל כל כהן שאינו עולה לדוכן עובר בג' עשה ירושלמי ר' אדא בר פזי כד הוה תש ולא חזיק רישיה הוה קאים ליה אחורי עמודא ר' אלעזר הוה נפיק לברא כלומר היה יוצא לחוץ כדי שלא יצטרך לעלות לדוכן כשהחזן קורא כהנים דהא דאמרינן דעובר הכהן בג' עשה היינו כשהחזן קורא כהנים דאמור להם מתרגמינן כד יימרון להון ואם הוא בב"ה כשהחזן קורא כהנים ואינו עולה עובר ואם אינו בב"ה אינו עובר וכ"כ ג"כ הר"ן שם וז"ל כל כהן שאין עולה לדוכן עובר בג' עשה דוקא כשקראו אותו הא לאו הכי לא מיחייב וכדמתרגמינן כד יימרון להון והיינו כשהוא בב"ה אבל כשהוא בחוץ אינו עובר וגרסינן בירושלמי ר"ש בן פזי כך הוה תשיש הוה קאי אחורא עמודא רבי אלעזר נפיק לברא ע"כ וכ"כ ג"כ סמ"ק ופי' הירושלמי דכשהיו חלשים היו נסתרים מאחורי העמודים או יוצאים לחוץ שלא יאמרו להם לברכם מפני שאז לא היו עוברים ע"כ וגם בסמ"ק כ' ואם אינו מברך עובר ודוקא כשאומרין לו בב"ה וכ' המרדכי שם אם הנותן מים לכהנים ליטול ידיהם בא אצל ש"ץ ומזכירו ליטול ידיו צריך לישא כפיו אף דיש כהנים אחרים ואם לא יעלה עובר בג' עשה אבל מלמדים את הנותן מים שלא יזכיר את הש"ץ ליטול ידיו היכא דאיכא כהנים אחרים דהשתא לא עבר אם לא ישא כפיו: וכתוב בהגהות מיימון פי"ד מהל' תפלה אבל אם עלה פעם אחד ביום זה שוב אינו עובר אפילו אמרו לו עלה וכ"כ התוס' בפרק ראוהו ב"ד (ראש השנה כח:) ולמדו כן מדקאמר התם אכהן שנשא כפיו ואתרמי ליה ציבורא אחריני אי בעי מברך אי לא בעי לא מברך : וכתב ה"ר מנוח דהא דאמרינן שאין הכהן עובר כשאין אומרים לו לברך היינו שאינו עובר בג' עשה אבל בעשה דכה תברכו עובר שהכהנים מצווים לברך את ישראל יאמרו להם או יחדלו ע"כ ואין נראה כן דעת הפוסקים אלא אין עובר כלל כל שאין אומרים לו לעלות שאל"כ ס"ל לפרש וכ"כ ממ"ש הגהות מיימונית שאם ש"צ כהן שלא יאמרו לו לעלות ואם איתא שאע"פ שאינם אומרים לו עובר בעשה הנ"ל שיעלה כדי שלא יעבור: וכתב בכתבי מהר"ר ישראל סי' כ"ב דמשמע מדברי הרא"ש שכשהכהנים אינם רוצים לעלות לדוכן אינם צריכים לשהות חוץ לב"ה אלא בשעה שקורא החזן כהנים אבל אחר שקורא כהנים אין קפידא אם יהיו בב"ה ומה שנהגו שאין נכנסין עד אחר ברכת כהנים סלסול הוא שנהגו בעצמם כדי שלא יחשבו עליהם שהם פגומים: כתב ה"ר פרץ שאם אין שם אלא א' אינו עובר וכו' כ"כ הגהות מיימון בסוף הל' תפלה בשם סמ"ק: