Ohr HaChaim examines the meaning of Azazel and the two lots, addressing why one goat is designated for the LORD and the other for Azazel within a Torah-sanctioned rite that does not constitute worship of another power.
וְלָקַח אֶת שְׁנֵי הַשְּׂעִירִים וְגוֹ׳. פָּרָשָׁה זוֹ צְרִיכָה לְמוֹדָעִי כִּי לָמָּה יְצַוֶּה ה׳ דָּבָר כָּזֶה, וְאִם הִיא מֵהַמִּצְווֹת אֲשֶׁר לֹא עָשָׂה ה׳ בָּהֶם טַעַם, הָיָה לוֹ לוֹמַר חֻקָּה, וּמַה גַּם תִּגְדַּל הַקֻּשְׁיָא לְדִבְרֵיהֶם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (רעיא מהימנא אחרי סג, זהר חלק ג קא) כִּי עֲזָאזֵל הִיא בְּחִינַת צַד הָרַע, הִנֵּה כִּמְעַט חָס וְשָׁלוֹם שֶׁיִּדְמֶה הַדָּבָר לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וּמַה גַּם שֶׁמְצַוֶּה ה׳ (יוֹמָא פו.) לְהַשְׁווֹת שָׂעִיר שֶׁל שֵׁם לְשָׂעִיר זֶה שֶׁל דָּבָר אַחֵר, הַדְּבָרִים מַבְהִילִים! וּלְפִי הַקְדָּמָה זוֹ יִתְבָּאֵר הָעִנְיָן עַל נָכוֹן, בְּהַקְדִּים מַה שֶׁכָּתְבוּ רַזַ״ל בְּתוֹרַת כֹּהֲנִים וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: ״וְכִפֶּר עַל הַקֹּדֶשׁ מִטֻּמְאֹת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִפִּשְׁעֵיהֶם״ וְגוֹ׳ – עַל זְדוֹן טֻמְאַת מִקְדָּשׁ וְקָדָשָׁיו שָׂעִיר הַנַּעֲשֶׂה בִּפְנִים וְיוֹם כִּפּוּר מְכַפֵּר, וְעַל שְׁאָר עֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה הַקַּלּוֹת וְהַחֲמוּרוֹת, הַזְּדוֹנוֹת וְהַשְּׁגָגוֹת, הוֹדַע וְלֹא הוֹדַע, עֲשֵׂה וְלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה, כְּרֵתוֹת וּמִיתוֹת בֵּית דִּין – שָׂעִיר הַמִּשְׁתַּלֵּחַ מְכַפֵּר, עַד כָּאן לְשׁוֹנָם. וּבַשַּׁ״ס וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: וְשָׂעִיר שֶׁל עֲזָאזֵל נוֹשֵׂא עָלָיו כָּל הַזְּדוֹנוֹת קַלּוֹת וַחֲמוּרוֹת וּשְׁגָגוֹת וְכוּ׳. וְגַם הַכֹּהֲנִים כַּפָּרָתָן בְּשָׂעִיר הַמִּשְׁתַּלֵּחַ, כְּאָמְרָם זַ״ל בְּמַסֶּכֶת זְבָחִים פֶּרֶק א׳ (מנחות צב.; שְׁבוּעוֹת יג:) וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנָם: רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, גַּם הַכֹּהֲנִים מִתְכַּפְּרִין בְּשָׂעִיר הַמִּשְׁתַּלֵּחַ. וְאַחַר שֶׁהוֹדִיעָנוּ ה׳ אֶת כָּל זֹאת הִנֵּה שֶׁלְּךָ לְפָנֶיךָ טַעַם מַסְפִּיק כִּי הַשְּׁנֵי שְׂעִירִים נוֹשְׂאִים כָּל זוּהֲמֵי תַּחֲלוּאֵי הַנֶּפֶשׁ. הַשָּׂעִיר שֶׁנּוֹשֵׂא עָלָיו זְדוֹן טֻמְאַת מִקְדָּשׁ וְקָדָשָׁיו קִבְּלוֹ ה׳ וְלֹא תִּעֲבוֹ, אֲבָל שָׂעִיר הַנּוֹשֵׂא זוּהֲמוֹת כָּל הָעֲבֵירוֹת קַלּוֹת וַחֲמוּרוֹת צִוָּה ה׳ שֶׁיְּאַבְּדֵם וִיכַלֵּם חוּץ מִמְּקוֹם הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וְצִוָּה שֶׁיִּסְמֹךְ אַהֲרֹן עָלָיו אֶת יָדָיו שֶׁהוּא שְׁלוּחָם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְכָל אֲשֶׁר עוֹשִׂים שָׁם הוּא הָיָה עוֹשֶׂה שֶׁשְּׁלוּחוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם כְּמוֹתוֹ. וְאָמַר ״וְנָתַן אוֹתָם עַל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׂעִיר הַחַי״ – בֵּאֵר הַכָּתוּב הֵיטֵב הַדָּבָר שֶׁבִּסְמִיכָתוֹ הוּא נוֹתֵן כָּל הַטֻּמְאוֹת הַמְּזֹהָמוֹת הָהֵם עַל רֹאשׁוֹ. וְאָמַר ״וְנָשָׂא הַשָּׂעִיר״, מוֹדִיעַ כִּי יִמָּצֵא בּוֹ בְּחִינַת הַמְקַבֵּל לִשָּׂא אֶת הָרַע הַהוּא אֶל אֶרֶץ וְגוֹ׳. וּלְהָבִין הָעִנְיָן, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁבִּקֵּר בִּגְדֵי בָּנָיו וְרָאָה בָּהֶם בְּגָדִים נְקִיִּים וְכֶתֶם בּוֹ, מְשַׁפְשְׁפוֹ בְּיָדוֹ וְנוֹתְנוֹ לִבְנוֹ. וּכְשֶׁרָאָה בֶּגֶד מְלֻכְלָךְ הַרְבֵּה נוֹתְנוֹ לְעֶבֶד אֶחָד מֵעֲבָדָיו אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִמְאַס הַדָּבָר הַמָּאוּס. כֵּן הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה, הַמֶּלֶךְ הוּא מַלְכֵּנוּ יִתְרוֹמֵם שְׁמוֹ, כְּשֶׁמֵּבִיא לְפָנָיו קָרְבָּן אִם הוּא בִּפְרָט וְטַהֲרַת כֶּתֶם כָּל שֶׁהוּא, שֶׁהֵם כִּתְמֵי הַשְּׁגָגָה אוֹ פְּרָט אֶחָד שֶׁל טֻמְאַת מִקְדָּשׁ וְקָדָשָׁיו כַּנִּזְכָּר, לֹא יְתֹעַב הַקָּרְבָּן אֵלָיו. אֲבָל כָּל הַזּוּהֲמָה שֶׁל כָּל הָעֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁעָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, קַלּוֹת וַחֲמוּרוֹת, הוּא מֵאוּס גָּדוֹל, וְאָמַר שֶׁיּוֹלִיכוּהוּ לְעֶבֶד אֶחָד מֵהָרְחוֹקִים מֵהַמְּלוּכָה לְצַד הֱיוֹתוֹ מֵהַפְּחוּתִים וְקַלֵּי הָעֵרֶךְ, וְהוּא יִשְׁבֹּר וִיאַבֵּד וְיִמְחַק אוֹתָם. וְאֵין זֶה אֶלָּא כְּנוֹתֵן לוֹ שֵׁרוּת מְבֻזֶּה לַעֲשׂוֹת, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן לְמַעֲלָה הוּא לוֹ שֶׁחֲשָׁבוֹ הָאָדוֹן לַעֲשׂוֹת לוֹ דָּבָר מִמַּה שֶׁהָיָה לִפְנֵי אֵל בְּבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְנַעֲשָׂה הַשָּׂעִיר הַהוּא בְּהַשְׁוָאָה עִם הַשָּׂעִיר הַמִּתְקָרֵב לִפְנֵי אֵל. וְטַעַם שֶׁצִּוָּה ה׳ עֲשׂוֹת כָּכָה וְלֹא אָמַר שֶׁיִּקְחוּ שָׂעִיר מֵהַשּׁוּק וִישַׁלְּחוּהוּ לַעֲזָאזֵל אַחַר שֶׁהִתְוַדָּה עָלָיו, הוּא לְצַד כִּי מִן הַנִּמְנָע שֶׁיִּתְקַבְּצוּ כָּל הַטֻּמְאוֹת שֶׁעָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶם הָרָעִים וְיָבוֹאוּ עַל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׂעִיר כִּי אִם בַּהֲבִיאוֹ הַשָּׂעִיר לִפְנֵי ה׳, וְאַחַר שֶׁהוּבָא לִפְנֵי ה׳, מֵאָז מוּכָח כִּי הוּא זֶה הַשָּׂעִיר שֶׁיִּשָּׂא כָּל הַתִּעוּב וְיֵלֵךְ לוֹ אֶל אֶרֶץ גְּזֵרָה. לָזֶה צִוָּה לְהַגְרִיל וְהוּא הַבּוֹחֵר יִבְחַר אֶת הַשָּׂעִיר אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר בִּתְבוּנָתוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ בְּבַעֲלֵי חַיִּים, וּמַה גַּם לְמַה שֶׁאָמְרוּ הַמְּקֻבָּלִים כִּי כַּמָּה נְפָשׁוֹת וְנִיצוֹצוֹת בְּבַעֲלֵי חַיִּים בִּלְתִּי מְדַבֵּר, וּמִי יֵדַע בִּלְתִּי יִתְבָּרַךְ שְׁמוֹ. גַּם יֵשׁ סוֹד בַּגּוֹרָל (זהר ג, קא), וְהָבֵן: וְהַמְשַׁלֵּחַ וְגוֹ׳ לַעֲזָאזֵל. צָרִיךְ לָדַעַת מַה הוּא עֲזָאזֵל, וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (יומא סז:) פֵּרְשׁוּ עַז וְקָשֶׁה. וְיֵשׁ בָּזֶה הַרְבֵּה דְּרָשׁוֹת, עַל כָּל פָּנִים אֵין הַדַּעַת מִתְיַשֶּׁבֶת. וַיֵּאוֹרוּ עֵינַי בְּדִבְרֵי אַנְשֵׁי אֱמֶת שׁוֹנִין בְּש״ע נְהוֹרִים שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, שֶׁאָמְרוּ (זוהר ח״ב קנז.) כִּי הַמִּדְבָּר הֶחָרוּב הוּא מְקוֹם ס״מ הָרָשָׁע, וּכְפִי זֶה בְּחִינָה זוֹ תִּקָּרֵא ״מִדְבָּר״, וְתִקָּרֵא ״עֲזָאזֵל״, וְתִקָּרֵא ״עוּזָא וַעֲזָאֵל״, שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה שֶׁלָּהֶם יִרְמֹז שֵׁם זֶה. וְאוּלַי כִּי הַתֵּבָה תַּגִּיד זֶה עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ: עַז אָזַל, פֵּרוּשׁ מָקוֹם שֶׁל אוֹתָם שֶׁאָזַל וְאָסַף עֹז פְּאֵרָם. אוֹ עַל זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ: עֲזָא זַל, פֵּרוּשׁ מְקוֹם שֶׁל כֹּחַ הַזַּל הַהוּא, לְשׁוֹן זִילוּת וּפְחִיתוּת, כִּי ס״מ הוּא לְמַטָּה בְּמַדְרֵגָה מִכָּל מְשָׁרְתֵי עֶלְיוֹן.
ולקח את שני השעירים, "He will take the two male goats, etc." This entire procedure needs much explaining. Why would G'd command procedures such as these? If it is one of the commandments for which the Torah has not provided a rationale, why has it not been described as a חוק, something the Torah normally does in situations where our intellect is too limited to understand G'd's motivations? The problem is made worse in light of the comment of our sages (Zohar volume 3, page 101) that the Azazel is a euphemism for Satan. If we accept this, the entire procedure smacks of a pagan rite, G'd forbid? This impression is reinforced by the statement in Yuma that the two goats are to be indistinguishable from one another in appearance! After these introductory lines we may be able to understand the procedure prescribed in our paragraph, especially when we add the following comment quoted in Torat Kohanim. on verse 16. "He shall make atonement for the holy place, because of the uncleannesses of the children of Israel and their transgressions, etc." The verse speaks of the sin of defiling the Temple and its sacrifices which are being atoned for by the male goat whose blood is sprinkled inside the Sanctuary onto the dividing curtain. All other sins listed in the Torah, both the relatively minor ones as well as the most severe ones, both intentionally committed ones as well as those committed unintentionally, even those for which judicial execution of the sinner is mandatory, etc., will be atoned for by the scapegoat." Thus far Torat Kohanim. The wording in the Talmud is as follows: "The scapegoat carries on it all the sins of the Jewish people, the intentional sins, (both serious ones and relatively minor ones), as well as unintentionally committed trespasses." The atonement for sins committed by the priests is also attained by means of the scapegoat as we know from Menachot 92 and Shavuot 13. The exact quote from the Talmud there reads as follows: "Rabbi Yehudah says that the priests also attain their atonement by means of the scapegoat." After G'd has informed us of all this you have sufficient reason to understand the purpose of the two male goats. Between them they carry away the accumulated pollutants which have polluted the souls of the Israelites during the preceding year. G'd is willing to accept as a sacrifice the animal whose function it is to atone for the defiling of the Temple precincts and the various animals therein which became contaminated before being offered on the altar. He does not abhor that sacrifice. G'd is not willing to accept the animal which carries the burden of all the other sins of the Israelites and He consigns that animal to death in a place far removed from the sacred precincts of the Holy Temple. He commanded Aaron to place his weight on that scapegoat prior to dispatching it to its death, seeing that Aaron acts as the plenipotentiary of the Jewish people. He could do so seeing we have the principle that a man's messenger can take the place of the one who has authorised him to be his messenger. When the Torah writes: "he shall place them on the head of the live scapegoat, the verse makes it plain that Aaron transfers all the pollutants which have contaminated the souls of the Jewish people to the scapegoat by means of placing his weight on that animal's head. The Torah simply informed us that the scapegoat is G'd's appointee for carrying the sins of the Israelites away to a barren land. We will understand the procedure better by means of a parable. A king examined the garments of his son and found that some of them were clean whereas others were stained. If the garment had a single stain, the king rubs it clean and returns the garment to his son. If he comes across garments which are greatly soiled, he hands these garments to one of his servants instructing him to launder it. The servant does not mind getting his hands dirty while washing the garment. G'd acts in a similar manner with the Jewish people, His children. When one of them presents an offering asking Him to remove a minor stain, i.e. the result of inadvertently committed sins or a stain caused by defiling a Holy Place, G'd does not despise such an offering. However, all the pollutants the Israelites accumulated on their souls due to all the other sins are something G'd considers as most despicable. This is why He instructed one of His most junior servants- the scapegoat- to consign these dirty clothes to a barren spot on earth. This servant is considered expendable by G'd. The death of the scapecoat without slaughter is considered as an undesirable assignment for this servant. Nonetheless, the fact that the servant accomplishes by this mission something similar to what is accomplished by the slaughter of its colleague, namely the cleansing of the Israelites from sin, his mission is a worthy one. This is alluded to in our verse by the requirement that both male goats need to be almost indistinguishable in outward appearance and they have to be presented in the courtyard of the Temple before the lot is cast to determine which one of them is to perform which function. The reason G'd did not command to simply take any male goat from the market to serve as the scapegoat is, that it is impossible for one such animal to absorb all the sins of the Jewish people on its head until it has been imbued with additional strength by having been presented in the holy precincts in the presence of G'd. Once this occurred it was not clear to an observer which of the two goats had been chosen for the task of carrying away the sins of the Jewish people. This is why the Torah arranged for Aaron to draw lots. Only G'd Himself could determine which of His servants (goats) would perform which task. If we consider that according to the kabbalists numerous animals became bodies which housed the souls of former sinners whose souls were given an opportunity to rehabilitate themselves through another re-incarnation on earth, the chances are that the goat which had been chosen by lot to be the scapegoat was such an animal. There are also mystical dimensions to the procedure of the lottery itself as mentioned in the Zohar volume three page 101. והמשלח לעזאזל "And he who sends the scapegoat to Azzazel, etc." Who or "what" precisely is the "Azzazel?" We are told in Yuma 67 that it is something "tough and hard." This in turn has given rise to many explanations none of which are satisfactory. My eyes have been opened by kabbalists who are privy to the "370 illuminating lights of the Torah," who have written in the Zohar volume 2 page 157 that the barren desert is the habitat of Samael (Satan). In fact, the reason such a piece of earth is called "desert" is because it is Satan's habitat. An alternate name for this desert is Azzazel; a derivative of that name is עוזא, עזאל. Perhaps the word עזאזל is a composite of עז אזל, "a place where the glory of their existence departed." Alternatively, עזא זל, the site of the force of something base, mean; seeing that Samael is the basest of all spiritual forces, the description would be quite appropriate.