Discusses the commandment governing forbidden birds, explaining the identifying signs and the need for an established basis for recognizing permitted species.
מִדִּינֵי הַמִּצְוָה. מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (חולין נט א) סִימָנֵי בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה נֶאֶמְרוּ מִן הַתּוֹרָה, כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁהֵן מְפֹרָשִׁין בַּתּוֹרָה, וְהֵן פַּרְסָה חֲלוּקָה לְגַמְרֵי, כְּמוֹ הַשּׁוֹר וְהַכֶּבֶשׂ, וּמַעֲלֶה גֵּרָה. וְסִימָנֵי הָעוֹף לֹא נֶאֶמְרוּ לְפִי שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה פֵּרְשָׁה לָנוּ בְּשֵׁם כָּל הַטְּמֵאִים שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁכֵּן הוּא, אֵין צֹרֶךְ לִכְתֹּב סִימָנֵיהֶן, כִּי כָּל עוֹף הַנִּמְצָא בָּעוֹלָם חוּץ מֵהֶם, הוּא כָּשֵׁר. וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּל אוֹתָן מִינִין שֶׁהוֹדִיעַתְנוּ הַתּוֹרָה אֵין כָּל אָדָם בָּקִי בָּהֶן, הוֹדִיעוּנוּ חֲכָמִים סִימָנִין בָּהֶם כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּכִּיר אוֹתָן כָּל אָדָם וְיוּכַל לֶאֱכֹל מִן הָעוֹפוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַכִּיר אֲפִלּוּ אֶחָד מִכָּל הַמִּינִין הַטְּמֵאִים הַמְּפֹרָשִׂים בַּכָּתוּב. נִמְצָא לְפִי דְּבָרֵינוּ, שֶׁכָּל הַמַּכִּיר יָפֶה כָּל הַמְּנוּיִן בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁהֵן עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה מִינִין, יָכוֹל לֶאֱכֹל מִכָּל עוֹף אַחֵר שֶׁיִּמְצָא, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמְרוּ שֶׁכָּל עוֹף שֶׁלֹּא נִזְכַּר בְּמִנְיָן הַטְּמֵאִים בַּתּוֹרָה, כָּשֵׁר. וּכְמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (שם סג ב) גָּלוּי וְיָדוּעַ לִפְנֵי מִי שֶׁאָמַר וְהָיָה הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁעוֹפוֹת טְהוֹרִים מְרֻבִּים עַל הַטְּמֵאִים לְפִיכָךְ פֵּרַט הַטְּמֵאִים. כְּלוֹמַר פֵּרַט כָּל הַטְּמֵאִים שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, כֵּן הוּא הַפֵּרוּשׁ לְפִי דַּעַת רֹב הָרַבָּנִים. כִּי כָּל הַטְּמֵאִין שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם הֻזְכְּרוּ בַּתּוֹרָה. וּמִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַכִּירָן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (שם נט א) שֶׁאֵלּוּ סִימָנֵיהֶם כָּל עוֹף הַדּוֹרֵס, בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁהוּא מִמִּינֵי הַטְּמֵאִים שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה וּפֵרוּשׁ דּוֹרֵס כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁנּוֹעֵץ הַצִּפָּרְנַיִם עַל עוֹף אַחֵר וּמֵטִיל בּוֹ אֶרֶס כְּמִנְהַג הַנֵּץ וּשְׁאָר הָעוֹפוֹת שֶׁצָּדִין בָּהֶן בְּנֵי אָדָם. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁאֵינוֹ דּוֹרֵס וְהוּא גַּם כֵּן מִמִּינֵי הַטְּמֵאִים.
From the laws of the commandment is that which they, may their memory be blessed, said (Chullin 59a), “The signs of the beast and animal are stated from the Torah” — meaning to say they are explicit in the Torah, and that is a hoof completely divided, like the ox and the sheep, and [that] it brings up the cud — “but the signs of the fowl were not stated,” since the Torah delineated for us by name all of the impure ones in the world. And since it is so, there is no need to write their signs — as any bird that is found in the world besides them is fit (kosher). And nonetheless since not every man is an expert in all of the species of which the Torah informed us, the Sages informed us of signs through which any man may recognize them and he will be able to eat of fowl, even though he may not recognize even one of the many impure species that are delineated in Scripture. It comes out according to our words that anyone who knows well all those delineated in the Torah — which are twenty-four species — can eat from any other bird that he finds; as they said that any bird not mentioned in the tally of the impure ones in the Torah is fit. And [it is] like they, may their memory be blessed, said (Chullin 63b), “It is revealed and known in front of the One that spoke and the world came into being, that the pure birds are more than the impure ones — therefore He specified the impure ones,” meaning that He specified all of the impure ones in the world. That is the explanation according to most of the rabbis, that all of the impure ones in the world are mentioned in the Torah. And [for] the ones that do not recognize them, the Sages, may their memory be blessed, said (Chullin 59a) that these are their signs: It is known that any bird that tramples (is a predator) is from the impure ones in the Torah. And the understanding of a predator is meaning to say that he sinks his claws into another bird and injects poison into it, as is the custom of the hawk and other birds that people hunt with. And there are some that are not predators, but are also from the impure species.