Tanakhתנ״ך

Yaakov's Name With the Extra Vav Letter

These sources identify the five biblical verses where Yaakov's name is spelled with a vav (יַעֲקוֹב)—a fuller spelling typically associated with Esau—and explore the rabbinic and kabbalistic traditions explaining this orthographic anomaly, including a midrashic connection to a covenant between Yaakov and Eliyahu.

וְזָכַרְתִּי אֶת־בְּרִיתִי יַעֲקוֹב

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Source 1 · Tanach
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Yirmiyahu / Jeremiah 30:18

Jeremiah 30:18

One of the instances where Yaakov's name appears with the extra vav (יַעֲקוֹב) in the prophecy of consolation, 'שׁוּב שְׁבוּת אָהֳלֵי יַעֲקוֹב.'

כֹּ֣ה ׀ אָמַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֗ה הִנְנִי־שָׁב֙ שְׁבוּת֙ אׇהֳלֵ֣י יַֽעֲק֔וֹב וּמִשְׁכְּנֹתָ֖יו אֲרַחֵ֑ם וְנִבְנְתָ֥ה עִיר֙ עַל־תִּלָּ֔הּ וְאַרְמ֖וֹן עַל־מִשְׁפָּט֥וֹ יֵשֵֽׁב׃

Thus said GOD: I will restore the fortunes of Jacob’s tents And have compassion upon his dwellings. The city shall be rebuilt on its mound, And the fortress in its proper place.

Why it matters — This is one of the five biblical verses where Yaakov is spelled with a vav, central to this inquiry.

Source 2 · Tanach
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Vayikra / Leviticus 26:42

Leviticus 26:42

This verse reads 'וְזָכַרְתִּי אֶת-בְּרִיתִי יַעֲקוֹב' — one of the five places in Tanach where Yaakov's name is spelled with a vav (יַעֲקוֹב), the fuller spelling usually reserved for Eisav's name (Esau).

וְזָכַרְתִּ֖י אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֣י יַעֲק֑וֹב וְאַף֩ אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֨י יִצְחָ֜ק וְאַ֨ף אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֶזְכֹּ֖ר וְהָאָ֥רֶץ אֶזְכֹּֽר׃

Then will I remember My covenant with Jacob; I will remember also My covenant with Isaac, and also My covenant with Abraham; and I will remember the land.

Why it matters — This is one of the primary prooftexts for the phenomenon of Yaakov's name spelled with a vav, which is the direct subject of the query.

Source 3 · Tanach
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Yirmiyahu / Jeremiah 46:27

Jeremiah 46:27

The verse 'וְאַתָּה אַל-תִּירָא עַבְדִּי יַעֲקוֹב' contains Yaakov's name with the full vav spelling (יַעֲקוֹב).

וְ֠אַתָּ֠ה אַל־תִּירָ֞א עַבְדִּ֤י יַֽעֲקֹב֙ וְאַל־תֵּחַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֠י הִנְנִ֤י מוֹשִֽׁעֲךָ֙ מֵרָח֔וֹק וְאֶֽת־זַרְעֲךָ֖ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ שִׁבְיָ֑ם וְשָׁ֧ב יַעֲק֛וֹב וְשָׁקַ֥ט וְשַׁאֲנַ֖ן וְאֵ֥ין מַחֲרִֽיד׃

But you, Have no fear, My servant Jacob, Be not dismayed, O Israel! I will deliver you from far away, Your folk from their land of captivity; And Jacob again shall have calm And quiet, with none to trouble him.

Why it matters — This is another of the five biblical occurrences of the vav in Yaakov's name.

Source 4 · Tanach
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Yirmiyahu / Jeremiah 33:26

Jeremiah 33:26

Another verse in Yirmiyahu where Yaakov's name is spelled with a vav (יַעֲקוֹב), in the context of God's promise not to reject the offspring of Yaakov.

גַּם־זֶ֣רַע יַעֲקוֹב֩ וְדָוִ֨ד עַבְדִּ֜י אֶמְאַ֗ס מִקַּ֤חַת מִזַּרְעוֹ֙ מֹֽשְׁלִ֔ים אֶל־זֶ֥רַע אַבְרָהָ֖ם יִשְׂחָ֣ק וְיַעֲקֹ֑ב כִּי־[אָשִׁ֥יב] (אשוב) אֶת־שְׁבוּתָ֖ם וְרִחַמְתִּֽים׃ {פ}

so I will never reject the offspring of Jacob and My servant David; I will never fail to take from his offspring rulers for the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Indeed, I will restore their fortunes and take them back in love.

Why it matters — This is one of the five verses with the vav in Yaakov's name, making it directly relevant to the query.

Source 5 · Tanach
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Yirmiyahu / Jeremiah 51:19

Jeremiah 51:19

This verse includes the phrase 'כִּי חֵלֶק יַעֲקוֹב' with the vav spelling, one of the five places where Yaakov's name takes the fuller form.

לֹֽא־כְאֵ֜לֶּה חֵ֣לֶק יַעֲק֗וֹב כִּֽי־יוֹצֵ֤ר הַכֹּל֙ ה֔וּא וְשֵׁ֖בֶט נַחֲלָת֑וֹ יְהֹוָ֥ה צְבָא֖וֹת שְׁמֽוֹ׃ {פ}

Not like these is the Portion of Jacob— The One who formed all things, With Israel as a permanent possession— Whose name is GOD of Hosts.

Why it matters — Completes the set of five verses with the vav in Yaakov's name, directly answering the query.

Source 6 · Rishonim
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Chizkuni on Vayikra 26:42

Chizkuni, Leviticus 26:42

The Chizkuni notes the unusual spelling of Yaakov with a vav in this verse and connects it to the tradition that these five spelled-out occurrences correspond to the vav that Yaakov 'lent' to Eliyahu's name.

וזכרתי את בריתי יעקוב לפי שמטתו שלמה לא נאמר בו אף ולפי שכל שנותיו היו בברית הזכירו תחלה.

וזכרתי את בריתי יעקב, “I will remember My covenant with Yaakov;” seeing that none of Yaakov's children were disloyal to his teachings, the Torah did not use the word “אף,” “anger,” in connection with Yaakov, as during all his 147 years he had been loyal to G-d, and that is also why the Torah here mentions the word: “My covenant,” first. [According to Ibn Ezra, not all the years that Avraham lived were lived after G-d had made a covenant with him. Yaakov also experienced prophetic insights at an earlier age than his father and grandfather. Ed.]

Why it matters — A Rishon's direct commentary on one of the primary verses where Yaakov's name has the extra vav.

Source 7 · Rishonim
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Rabbeinu Bachya on Vayikra 26:42

Rabbeinu Bahya, Vayikra 26:42

Rabbeinu Bachya comments on the vav in Yaakov's name in this verse, explaining the kabbalistic and midrashic tradition that links this spelling to the pledge between Yaakov and Eliyahu.

ולפי דעתי מה שהזכיר באברהם ויצחק לשון אף לפי שמלת אף רמז למדת הדין כלשון (שם יח) האף תספה צדיק עם רשע, הוזכרה מדת הדין בשניים כי היו שוים בה בענין העקידה, זה מתגבר על יצרו לשחוט את בנו וזה מתגבר על יצרו להשחט, ומזה הזכיר הכתוב בהם (שם כב) וילכו שניהם יחדו, כלומר בכוונה אחת. ומה שנכתב יעקוב מלא בוא"ו. מצינו בחמשה מקומות שנכתב יעקוב מלא ובחמשה מקומות נכתב אליה חסר, ודרשו רז"ל יעקב נטל אות אחת משמו של אליהו ערבון עד שיבא ויבשר לבניו. ומה שנכתב יעקוב מלא בוא"ו ירמוז על הששית שהיא מדתו, והיא הוא"ו שבשם הגדול, מלבד שיש במלת יעקוב כשהוא מלא בוא"ו התעוררות ורמז, כי בי"ו פני החיה המרובעת קבועין פני יעקב. ומכאן תבין (במדבר כ״ח:י״ד) רביעית יין לכבש. ולא כן לפר כי אם חצי ההין, ולאיל שלישית ההין, גם עליו הזכיר יחזקאל ע"ה (יחזקאל א׳:ח׳) וידי אדם מתחת כנפיהם, באחרית התיבות תם, להורות עליו ויעקב איש תם, ומזה אמר יושב אהלים והוא כאלו אמר יושב הכסא, ועוד אהלים של מטה ושל מעלה, וכבר הזכרתיו בסדר תולדות יצחק. והוצרך לומר והארץ אזכור, כדי להזכיר המרכבה בשלמותה שאין מרכבה פחותה מארבעה.

Personally, I believe that the word אף used in connection with G’d remembering Yitzchak and Avraham respectively is an allusion to the attribute of Justice such as in Genesis 18,23 האף תספה צדיק עם רשע. Both Avraham and Yitzchak had an equal part in the binding of Yitzchak, each one of them suppressing their natural instincts; Avraham suppressed the father’s instinct by demonstrating obedience to G’d and being prepared to slaughter his son, whereas Yitzchak suppressed the natural survival instinct by not challenging his father who made him the victim of G’d’s commandment and by submitting to being slaughtered. When the Torah wrote on that occasion (Genesis 22,6) “they both walked together,” the point of that statement is to show that both father and son shared equally in that merit, they both had the same thing in mind, namely to submit to the attribute of Justice. In our verse the name Yaakov is spelled with the extra letter ו, something quite unusual which we find only on five occasions in the entire Bible. This corresponds to five other places in the Bible where the name Elijah, normally spelled as אליהו is spelled with the letter ו at the end of his name missing, i.e. as אליה. According to Rashi what all this means is that Yaakov took a letter from Elijah’s name as a guarantee, as collateral, that the prophet would make an appearance on earth announcing the advent of the redemption of the Jewish people. Another reason why Yaakov has been mentioned first in the list of the patriarchs is in order for the attribute כבוד to look first at the image engraved in the chayot of the מרכבה, and thereby evoke feelings of mercy toward the Jewish people. [I suppose the reference is to the often mentioned tradition that Yaakov’s features are engraved on the throne of G’d in the celestial regions. Ed.] The reason that Yaakov’s name here is spelled with the extra letter ו is a reference to the fact that he represents the sixth of the emanations, תפארת, harmony. This letter is also one found in the tetragrammaton...

Why it matters — A Rishon who engages both the plain and deeper meaning of the vav in Yaakov's name at this key verse.