Halachaהלכה

The Burden of Proof in Monetary Claims

Sources examine the principle that one who seeks to extract property from another must provide proof of their claim, establishing the evidentiary foundation for monetary disputes in Jewish law. The sources trace this rule from biblical procedure through rabbinic interpretation and its codification in medieval and early modern legal texts.

המוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה

23 sources · 21 verified

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What the sources say

The rule that the burden of proof rests upon the claimant is established already in the Gemara: Bava Kamma 46b records Shmuel's position that while we follow the majority in matters of prohibition, in monetary matters the operative principle is המוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה — the one seeking to extract from another must bring proof — and Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani there derives this from the pasuk 'מי בעל דברים יגש אליהם,' reading it as 'let him bring proof before them.'

The Gemara in Bava Metzia 2b likewise invokes this rule as the Rabbis' foundational position: where neither party holds the disputed property, the burden of proof rests on the claimant, and it is only when both parties are physically grasping the item that the Rabbis depart from that default and instead divide it under oath.

The Rambam translates the principle into practical law in two complementary rulings: Mishneh Torah, Plaintiff and Defendant 8:1–3 establishes that all movable property carries the presumption of belonging to whoever holds it, so that even a plaintiff who brings witnesses that the item was previously in his domain cannot dislodge the possessor, who need only swear a rabbinic oath; and Mishneh Torah, Plaintiff and Defendant 15:1–4 extends this to disputed land, ruling that whoever gains possession first is the one in whose hand the field stands, and it is the other party who bears the burden of proof to dislodge him.

Arukh HaShulchan, Choshen Mishpat 133:1–6 codifies the same default for movables, affirming that any chattel in a person's possession is presumed his, that the possessor is believed over a claimant's witnesses with a rabbinic oath, and working through the further question of a pledge-holder who concedes the item belongs to the claimant but asserts a lien — a case that illustrates how the burden-of-proof framework interacts with competing claims of right.

Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 75:1–2 gives the procedural face of the rule: the court requires the plaintiff to articulate precisely the basis of his claim — loan, deposit, damage — lest he believe a debt exists when none does, and equally requires the defendant to specify the basis of his denial, ensuring that neither side rests on a bare assertion; the burden of substantiation falls on the one who seeks to take from another.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Exodus 22:8-10

שמות כ״ב:ח׳-י׳

Exodus 22:8-10

The Torah establishes procedures for disputes involving entrusted property: when no witness is available, the matter comes before God/judges, and the one found liable pays. This is a foundational biblical framework for adjudicating conflicting claims, though the precise talmudic rule is derived elsewhere.

עַֽל־כׇּל־דְּבַר־פֶּ֡שַׁע עַל־שׁ֡וֹר עַל־חֲ֠מ֠וֹר עַל־שֶׂ֨ה עַל־שַׂלְמָ֜ה עַל־כׇּל־אֲבֵדָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר יֹאמַר֙ כִּי־ה֣וּא זֶ֔ה עַ֚ד הָֽאֱלֹהִ֔ים יָבֹ֖א דְּבַר־שְׁנֵיהֶ֑ם אֲשֶׁ֤ר יַרְשִׁיעֻן֙ אֱלֹהִ֔ים יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם שְׁנַ֖יִם לְרֵעֵֽהוּ׃ {ס} כִּֽי־יִתֵּן֩ אִ֨ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֜הוּ חֲמ֨וֹר אוֹ־שׁ֥וֹר אוֹ־שֶׂ֛ה וְכׇל־בְּהֵמָ֖ה לִשְׁמֹ֑ר וּמֵ֛ת אוֹ־נִשְׁבַּ֥ר אוֹ־נִשְׁבָּ֖ה אֵ֥ין רֹאֶֽה׃

(In all charges of misappropriation—pertaining to an ox, a donkey, a sheep, a garment, or any other loss, whereof one party alleges, “This is it”—the case of both parties shall come before God: the one whom God declares guilty shall pay double to the other.) When one person gives to another a donkey, an ox, a sheep or any other animal to guard, and it dies or is injured or is carried off, with no witness about,

Source 2 · Chazal
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Bava Kamma 46b

בבא קמא מ״ו ב — ד"ה רַב אָמַר הֲרֵי זֶה מִקָּח טָעוּת

Bava Kamma 46b:3

The Gemara articulates the principle המוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה: one who seeks to extract property from another bears the burden of proof. It discusses this as a governing rule in monetary disputes and examines its derivation and limits.

רַב אָמַר הֲרֵי זֶה מִקָּח טָעוּת – זִיל בָּתַר רוּבָּא, וְרוּבָּא דְאִינָשֵׁי לְרִדְיָא הוּא דְּזָבְנִי. וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר, יָכוֹל שֶׁיֹּאמַר לוֹ ״לִשְׁחִיטָה מְכַרְתִּיו לָךְ״ – וְלָא אָזְלִינַן בָּתַר רוּבָּא. כִּי אָזְלִינַן בָּתַר רוּבָּא – בְּאִיסּוּרָא, אֲבָל בְּמָמוֹנָא – לָא אָזְלִינַן בָּתַר רוּבָּא, אֶלָּא הַמּוֹצִיא מֵחֲבֵירוֹ עָלָיו הָרְאָיָה. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי: מִנַּיִין לְהַמּוֹצִיא מֵחֲבֵירוֹ עָלָיו הָרְאָיָה – שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״מִי בַעַל דְּבָרִים יִגַּשׁ אֲלֵהֶם״ – יַגִּישׁ רְאָיָה אֲלֵיהֶם.

The Gemara now explains the logic of Rav and Shmuel: Rav says that this is a case of a mistaken transaction, due to the principle: Follow the majority, and the majority of people buy oxen for plowing. And Shmuel says that the seller can say to him: I sold it to you for slaughtering, and we do not follow the majority in this case. When do we follow the majority according to Shmuel? Only in determining the prohibited or permitted status of an item. But in monetary matters such as this, we do not follow the majority. Rather, the operative principle is that the burden of proof rests upon the claimant. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: From where is it derived that the burden of proof rests upon the claimant? As it is stated in the Torah when Moses appointed Aaron and Hur to judge the people: “Whoever has a cause, let him come near [yiggash] to them” (Exodus 24:14). This is interpreted to mean that whoever has a claim against another should submit [yaggish] proof to them. According to this interpretation, this verse demonstrates clearly that the claimant is responsible for supplying the proof.

Source 3 · Chazal
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Bava Metzia 2b-3a

בבא מציעא ב׳ ב:א׳

Bava Metzia 2b:1

The opening sugya applies the burden-of-proof principle to two people grasping a found garment and to conflicting claims. It distinguishes between what is physically held and what each party claims, providing the central model for חזקה and המוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה.

מְצִיאָה הוּא דִּרְמוֹ רַבָּנַן שְׁבוּעָה עֲלֵיהּ מִשּׁוּם דְּמוֹרֵי וְאָמַר, חַבְרַאי לָאו מִידֵּי חָסַר בָּהּ, אֵיזִל אֶתְפִּיס וְאִתְפְּלֵיג בַּהֲדֵיהּ! אֲבָל מִקָּח וּמִמְכָּר, דְּלֵיכָּא לְמֵימַר הָכִי – אֵימָא לָא.

Source 4 · Chazal
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Bava Metzia 2b

בבא מציעא ב׳ ב — ד"ה וְאֶלָּא מַאי

Bava Metzia 2b:8

The Gemara distinguishes between a case where neither party possesses the disputed property (where the Rabbis require the claimant to bring proof) and the case in the mishna where both parties grasp the property simultaneously, in which they divide it with an oath rather than applying the rule that the claimant bears the burden of proof.

וְאֶלָּא מַאי, רַבָּנַן? הָא אָמְרִי הַמּוֹצִיא מֵחֲבֵרוֹ עָלָיו הָרְאָיָה! הַאי מַאי, אִי אָמְרַתְּ בִּשְׁלָמָא רַבָּנַן: הָתָם דְּלָא תָּפְסִי תַּרְוַיְיהוּ אֲמַרוּ רַבָּנַן הַמּוֹצִיא מֵחֲבֵירוֹ עָלָיו הָרְאָיָה, הָכָא דְּתַרְוַיְיהוּ תָּפְסִי [פָּלְגִי] לַהּ בִּשְׁבוּעָה.

The Gemara rejects this suggestion: Rather, what opinion does the mishna follow? Does the mishna follow the opinion of the Rabbis, who disagree with Sumakhos? Don’t they say that in a case of property of uncertain ownership the burden of proof rests upon the claimant? In the case of the mishna neither side offers proof. The Gemara answers: What is this comparison? Granted, if you say that the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, there is room to distinguish between two cases: There, in the case of property of uncertain ownership, where both parties are not grasping the property, the Rabbis say that the burden of proof rests upon the claimant since the one with possession of the property ostensibly has the right to that property. Here, in the case of the mishna, where both are grasping the property and neither has exclusive possession of the item, they divide it with the proviso that they take an oath.

Source 5 · Chazal
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Shevuot 42b-43a

שבועות מ״ב ב-מ״ג א

Shevuot 42b-43a

The Gemara discusses monetary claims and the evidentiary consequences of possession, including cases where a claimant seeks payment from another. The sugya clarifies how the rule operates together with oaths and presumptions.

אֶלָּא בִּדְרַבָּה קָמִיפַּלְגִי – דְּאָמַר רַבָּה: מִפְּנֵי מָה אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה מוֹדֶה מִקְצָת הַטַּעֲנָה יִשָּׁבַע? חֲזָקָה אֵין אָדָם מֵעִיז פָּנָיו בִּפְנֵי בַּעַל חוֹבוֹ. וְהַאי – בְּכוּלֵּיהּ בָּעֵי דְּלִיכְפְּרֵיהּ, וְהַאי דְּלָא כַּפְרֵיהּ – מִשּׁוּם דְּאֵינוֹ מֵעִיז פָּנָיו בִּפְנֵי בַּעַל חוֹבוֹ; וּבְכוּלֵּיהּ בָּעֵי דְּלוֹדֵי לֵיהּ, וְהַאי דְּלָא אוֹדִי לֵיהּ – אִישְׁתְּמוֹטֵי הוּא דְּקָא מִשְׁתְּמִיט מִינֵּיהּ, סָבַר: עַד דְּהָוֵי לִי זוּזֵי וּפָרַעְנָא לֵיהּ; וְרַחֲמָנָא אָמַר רְמִי שְׁבוּעָה עִילָּוֵיהּ, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלוֹדֵי לֵיהּ בְּכוּלֵּיהּ.

The Gemara answers: Rather, Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov and the Rabbis disagree with regard to the statement of Rabba, as Rabba says: For what reason did the Torah say that one who admits to a part of the claim must take an oath? It is because there is a presumption that a person does not exhibit insolence by lying in the presence of his creditor, who did him a favor by lending money to him. And this person who denies part of the claim actually wants to deny all of the debt, so as to be exempt, and this fact, i.e., that he does not deny all of it, is because a person does not exhibit insolence in the presence of his creditor. Rabba continues: And in order not to exhibit insolence, he wants to admit to the creditor with regard to all of the debt; and this fact, i.e., that he did not admit the entire debt to him, is because he may be temporarily avoiding paying him. He rationalizes doing so by saying to himself: I am avoiding him only until the time that I have enough money, and then I will repay him. And therefore, the Merciful One says in the Torah: Impose an oath on him in order to induce the debtor to admit the entire debt to him.

Source 6 · Chazal
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Bava Batra 45a

בבא בתרא מ״ה א — ד"ה אוּמָּן אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה וְכוּ׳

Bava Batra 45a:7

Rabba limits the credibility of a craftsman holding an item to cases where the owner transferred it without witnesses present, since the craftsman could deny the transfer ever occurred and thus be believed when claiming he purchased it; Abaye challenges this by arguing that even with witnesses present, the craftsman should be credible since he could claim to have returned the item and would be exempt from liability when he instead asserts he purchased it.

אוּמָּן אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה וְכוּ׳. אָמַר רַבָּה: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁמָּסַר לוֹ בְּעֵדִים, אֲבָל מָסַר לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא בְּעֵדִים – מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁיָּכוֹל לוֹמַר לוֹ ״לֹא הָיוּ דְבָרִים מֵעוֹלָם״, כִּי אָמַר לֵיהּ נָמֵי ״לְקוּחָה הִיא בְּיָדִי״ – מְהֵימַן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבָּיֵי: אִי הָכִי, אֲפִילּוּ בְּעֵדִים נָמֵי – מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁיָּכוֹל לוֹמַר לוֹ: ״הֶחְזַרְתִּיו לְךָ״, כִּי אָמַר לֵיהּ: ״לְקוּחָה הִיא בְּיָדִי״ – מְהֵימַן!

§ The Gemara returns to discuss the statement of Shmuel (42b): A craftsman does not have the ability to establish the presumption of ownership of the property in his possession, but a partner has the ability to establish the presumption of ownership. Rabba says: They taught this only in a case where the owner transferred the item to the craftsman in the presence of witnesses. But if the owner transferred the item to the craftsman not in the presence of witnesses, then, since the craftsman is able to say to the one who claims to be the owner: These matters never occurred, i.e., you did not give me this item but it was mine to begin with, and he would keep possession of the item with that claim, then even when the craftsman says to him: It is purchased by me from you, and that is why it is in my possession, he is deemed credible. Abaye said to Rabba: If so, then even if the owner transferred the item to the craftsman in the presence of witnesses as well, he should be deemed credible. Since the craftsman is able to say to the owner: I returned the item to you, and he would be exempt from payment, when the craftsman says to him: It is purchased by me from you, and that is why it is in my possession, he is deemed credible.

Source 7 · Chazal
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Bava Batra 128

בבא בתרא קכ״ח — ד"ה תְּיוּבְתָּא דְכוּלְּהוּ

Bava Batra 128:2

When a creditor produces a promissory note against a debtor who claims he repaid half the debt while witnesses testify the entire debt was repaid, the debtor takes an oath regarding the half he claims to have repaid and is exempt from that portion, but the creditor may collect the remaining half from the debtor's unsold property though not from property sold after the loan, since the buyers can rely on the witnesses' testimony that the debt was fully repaid.

שְׁלַח לֵיהּ רַבִּי אַבָּא לְרַב יוֹסֵף בַּר חָמָא: הַמּוֹצִיא שְׁטַר חוֹב עַל חֲבֵירוֹ; מַלְוֶה אוֹמֵר: לֹא נִפְרַעְתִּי כְּלוּם, וְלֹוֶה אוֹמֵר: פָּרַעְתִּי מֶחֱצָה, וְהָעֵדִים מְעִידִין שֶׁפָּרַע כּוּלּוֹ – הֲרֵי זֶה נִשְׁבָּע, וְגוֹבֶה מֶחֱצָה מִנְּכָסִים בְּנֵי חוֹרִין; אֲבָל מִמְּשׁוּעְבָּדִין לָא, דְּאָמְרִי: אֲנַן אַעֵדִים סָמְכִינַן.

§ Rabbi Abba sent another ruling to Rav Yosef bar Ḥama: In the case of one who produces a promissory note against another, and the creditor says: I was not repaid anything, and the debtor says: I repaid half the debt, and the witnesses testify that the debtor repaid the entire debt, then this debtor takes an oath that he repaid half, as is the halakha with regard to one who admits to a part of a claim, and he is exempt from paying that half. And the creditor collects the second half from unsold property; but not from liened property that was sold after the loan, as the buyers can say: We rely on the witnesses that the debt was repaid in its entirety.

Source 8 · Chazal
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Shevuot 29a

שבועות כ״ט א — ד"ה וְכִי תֵּימָא

Shevuot 29a:10

When administering an oath in court, judges tell the oath taker that the oath is according to the court's understanding, not his private meaning—not because words can theoretically be interpreted according to private intention, but rather to prevent deceptions such as giving a hollow reed secretly filled with coins while swearing one has paid the debt.

וְכִי תֵּימָא: בָּתַר פּוּמֵּיהּ אָזְלִינַן, וְלָא אָזְלִינַן בָּתַר דַּעְתֵּיהּ – וְהָא תַּנְיָא: כְּשֶׁמַּשְׁבִּיעִין אוֹתוֹ אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: ״הֱוֵי יוֹדֵעַ, שֶׁלֹּא עַל דַּעְתְּךָ אָנוּ מַשְׁבִּיעִין אוֹתְךָ, אֶלָּא עַל דַּעְתֵּנוּ וְעַל דַּעַת בֵּית דִּין״. מַאי טַעְמָא? לָאו מִשּׁוּם דְּאָמְרִינַן: דִּלְמָא אִיסְקוּנְדְּרֵי יְהַיב לֵיהּ וְאַסֵּיק לְהוּ ״זוּזֵי״, דְּכִי קָא מִשְׁתְּבַע – אַדַּעְתֵּיהּ דִּידֵיהּ קָא מִשְׁתְּבַע? לָא, הָתָם מִשּׁוּם קַנְיָא דְּרָבָא.

And if you would say that we follow his mouth, i.e., the generally accepted meaning of what one says, and we do not follow his understanding, i.e., his own private meaning, but isn’t it taught otherwise in a baraita: When they administer an oath to him in court, the judges say to him: Know that it is not according to your own understanding that we administer this oath to you, but according to our understanding and according to the understanding of the court? What is the reason they say this? Is it not because we say: Perhaps he gave tokens [iskunderei] to his creditor but he calls them for himself: Dinars, so that when he takes the oath, it is according to his own understanding that he takes the oath. Since, in principle, it is possible for him to take an oath according to his private meaning of the words, the court insists that the oath it administers is to be understood according to the words’ generally accepted meaning. Rav Ashi replies: No, the reason the court admonishes the oath taker is not that the oath can be interpreted according to a private meaning. There, when the court administers an oath, they explain that it is according to their meaning due to deceptions like that of the reed in Rava’s court. In that incident, someone handed his creditor a hollow reed, which he had secretly filled with coins, to hold for him, and proceeded to take an oath that he had given him the money owed to him, whereupon he took back the reed, as the creditor was unaware of its contents. The court admonishes oath takers so that they do not think that they have fulfilled their obligation to take an oath if they engage in such chicanery.

Source 9 · Chazal
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Bava Metzia 23b

בבא מציעא כ״ג ב — ד"ה בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ רַב בִּיבִי מֵרַב נַחְמָן

Bava Metzia 23b:7

Rav Naḥman addresses whether location serves as a distinguishing mark for a found item by citing a baraita that permits a finder to keep certain lost goods, arguing that if location were a distinguishing mark, the finder could simply proclaim the location; Rav Zevid and Rav Mari then explain that a riverbank specifically cannot serve as a distinguishing mark because it is a common commercial site where many people lose items, or more generally because the same location could apply equally to another person's lost item.

בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ רַב בִּיבִי מֵרַב נַחְמָן: מָקוֹם הָוֵי סִימָן, אוֹ לָא הָוֵי סִימָן? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: תְּנֵיתוּהָ, מָצָא חָבִיּוֹת שֶׁל יַיִן וְשֶׁל שֶׁמֶן וְשֶׁל תְּבוּאָה וְשֶׁל גְּרוֹגְרוֹת וְשֶׁל זֵיתִים – הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ שֶׁלּוֹ. וְאִי סָלְקָא דַעְתָּךְ דְּמָקוֹם הָוֵי סִימָן, לִכְרוֹז מָקוֹם! אָמַר רַב זְבִיד, הָכָא בְּמַאי עָסְקִינַן? בְּרַקְּתָא דְנַהֲרָא. אָמַר רַב מָרִי: מַאי טַעְמָא אֲמַרוּ רַבָּנַן רַקְּתָא דְנַהֲרָא לָא הָוֵי סִימָן? דְּאָמְרִינַן לֵיהּ: כִּי הֵיכִי דְּאִתְרְמִי לְדִידָךְ אִתְרְמִי נָמֵי לְחַבְרָךְ. אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי, אָמַר רַב מָרִי: מַאי טַעְמָא אֲמַרוּ רַבָּנַן מָקוֹם לָא הָוֵי סִימָן? דְּאָמְרִינַן לֵיהּ: כִּי הֵיכִי דְּאִתְרְמִי לְדִידָךְ הַאי מְקוֹם, אִתְרְמִי נָמֵי לְחַבְרָךְ הַאי מָקוֹם.

§ Rav Beivai raised a dilemma before Rav Naḥman: Is the location where the lost item was found a distinguishing mark, or is it not a distinguishing mark? Rav Naḥman said to him that you learned it in the baraita: If one found barrels of wine, or of oil, or of grain, or of dried figs, or of olives, these belong to him. And if it enters your mind that location is a distinguishing mark, let the finder proclaim what he found, and have the location serve as a distinguishing mark. Rav Zevid said: With what are we dealing here? We are dealing with the case of a barrel that was found on the bank of the river. Since it is the place where ships dock and merchandise belonging to many people is loaded and unloaded, the bank of a river cannot serve as a distinguishing mark. Rav Mari said: What is the reason that the Sages said that in the case of a lost item, the location of the bank of a river is not a distinguishing mark? It is because we say to one seeking to reclaim his item by providing its location on the bank of a river: Just as it happened that you lost an item there, it also happened that another person lost an item there. Some say a slightly different version of that which Rav Mari said: What is the reason that the Sages said that location is not a distinguishing mark? It is because we say to one seeking to reclaim his item by providing its location: Just as it happened that you placed an item in that place, it also happened that another placed an item in that place.

Source 10 · Chazal
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Chullin 10a

חולין י׳ א — ד"ה בִּשְׁלָמָא רַב הוּנָא כִּשְׁמַעְתֵּיהּ

Chullin 10a:7

Rav Ḥisda's ruling that the slaughter is valid rests on the principle that when an obstacle's effect is uncertain (hide may or may not notch the knife) while the knife's sharpness is certain, the uncertainty does not override the certainty.

בִּשְׁלָמָא רַב הוּנָא כִּשְׁמַעְתֵּיהּ, אֶלָּא רַב חִסְדָּא מַאי טַעְמָא? אָמַר לָךְ: עֶצֶם – וַדַּאי פּוֹגֵם, עוֹר – סָפֵק פּוֹגֵם סָפֵק לָא פּוֹגֵם, הָוֵי סָפֵק וּוַדַּאי, וְאֵין סָפֵק מוֹצִיא מִידֵי וַדַּאי.

The Gemara asks: Granted, Rav Huna stated his opinion in accordance with his halakha cited earlier (9a): An animal during its lifetime exists with the presumptive status of prohibition until it becomes known in what manner it was slaughtered. But as for Rav Ḥisda, what is the reason for his ruling that the slaughter is valid? The Gemara answers that Rav Ḥisda could have said to you: A bone certainly notches the knife, but with regard to hide, it is uncertain whether it notches the knife and uncertain whether it does not notch it. This is a case of certainty and uncertainty, and the principle is that an uncertainty does not override a certainty.

Source 11 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Plaintiff and Defendant 15:1-4

משנה תורה, הלכות טוען ונטען ט״ו:א׳-ד׳

Mishneh Torah, Plaintiff and Defendant 15:1-4

Rambam sets out the general rules governing monetary litigation, including the claimant's burden of proof and circumstances in which possession or a defendant's claim affects the court's treatment of the case.

שְׁנַיִם שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹרְרִין עַל הַשָּׂדֶה זֶה אוֹמֵר שֶׁלִּי וְזֶה אוֹמֵר שֶׁלִּי וְאֵין לְאֶחָד מֵהֶן רְאָיָה. אוֹ שֶׁהֵבִיא כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶם עֵדִים שֶׁהִיא שֶׁלּוֹ אוֹ שֶׁל אֲבוֹתָיו אוֹ שֶׁהֵבִיא כָּל אֶחָד מִשְּׁנֵיהֶם עֵדִים שֶׁאֲכָלָהּ שְׁנֵי חֲזָקָה וְהַשָּׁנִים שֶׁהֵעִידוּ בָּהֶן אֵלּוּ הֵן הַשָּׁנִים עַצְמָן שֶׁהֵעִידוּ בָּהֶן אֵלּוּ. מַנִּיחִין אוֹתָהּ בִּידֵיהֶן וְכָל הַמִּתְגַּבֵּר יֵרֵד בָּהּ וְיִהְיֶה הָאַחֵר מוֹצִיא מִיָּדוֹ וְעָלָיו הָרְאָיָה. וְאִם בָּא שְׁלִישִׁי וְתָקַף עֲלֵיהֶן וְיָרַד לְתוֹכָהּ מְסַלְּקִין אוֹתוֹ מִמֶּנָּה:

The following laws apply when two people are disputing the ownership of a field, each claiming it to be his own, but neither has proof of his claim. These same laws apply when both claimants bring witnesses who testify that the field belongs to them or to their parents, or when each of them brings witnesses who testify that the claimants benefited from the field for the time necessary to establish a claim of ownership, and both pairs of witnesses testify about exactly the same time period. We leave the field in their hands, and whoever overcomes the other one assumes possession. If the other seeks to expropriate the field from him, he must bring proof of his ownership. If a third party comes, seizes the property from them and takes possession of it, he is removed from it and it is returned to the others.

Source 12 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Plaintiff and Defendant 8:1-3

משנה תורה, הלכות טוען ונטען ח׳:א׳-ג׳

Mishneh Torah, Plaintiff and Defendant 8:1-3

Rambam codifies that a claimant who seeks to take property from another must bring proof, while the defendant is not required to produce evidence merely to retain what is in his possession. The chapter also addresses the evidentiary status of possession and admissions.

כָּל הַמִּטַּלְטְלִין בְּחֶזְקַת זֶה שֶׁהֵן תַּחַת יָדוֹ. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵבִיא הַתּוֹבֵעַ עֵדִים שֶׁהַמִּטַּלְטְלִין הַלָּלוּ יְדוּעִין לוֹ. כֵּיצַד. בֶּגֶד זֶה אוֹ כְּלִי זֶה שֶׁבְּיָדְךָ אוֹ שֶׁבְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתְךָ שֶׁלִּי הוּא. אוֹ הִפְקַדְתִּיהוּ אֶצְלְךָ. אוֹ הִשְׁאַלְתִּיהוּ לְךָ. וַהֲרֵי הָעֵדִים שֶׁהֵן יוֹדְעִין אוֹתוֹ מִקֹּדֶם בִּרְשׁוּתִי. וְהַנִּתְבָּע אוֹמֵר לֹא כִּי אֶלָּא אַתָּה מְכַרְתּוֹ לִי אוֹ נְתַתּוֹ לִי בְּמַתָּנָה. הֲרֵי זֶה הַנִּתְבָּע נִשְׁבָּע הֶסֵּת וְנִפְטָר:

It is an accepted presumption that all movable property belongs to the person who is in physical possession of it.' This applies even if the plaintiff brought witnesses who testify that the movable property in question was known to belong to the plaintiff. What is implied? A plaintiff lodges a claim against a defendant: "This garment..." or "This utensil that is in your possession..." or "... that is in your house belongs to me..,", "... I entrusted it to you for safekeeping...", or "... I lent it to you. Here are witnesses who knew that it was previously in my domain." The defendant responds: "That is not so. You sold it to me," or "...You gave it to me as a present," the defendant is required to take only a sh'vuat hesset and is freed of responsibility.

Source 13 · Rishonim
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Sefer HaChinukh 235

ספר החינוך רל״ה — ד"ה מִצְוָה שֶׁיִּשְׁפֹּט בְּצֶדֶק – לִשְׁפֹּט בְּצֶדֶק

Sefer HaChinukh 235:1

In its discussion of the commandment to judge monetary cases, Sefer HaChinukh explains the judicial obligation to investigate claims and decide according to valid testimony and evidence. It supplies the broader ethical and legal setting for the burden of proof.

מִצְוָה שֶׁיִּשְׁפֹּט בְּצֶדֶק – לִשְׁפֹּט בְּצֶדֶק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט טו) בְּצֶדֶק תִּשְׁפֹּט עֲמִיתֶךָ, וּבָא הַפֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ הַדַּיָּנִין לְהַשְׁווֹת בַּעֲלֵי הָרִיב, כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁלֹּא יְכַבֵּד הַדַּיָּן אֶחָד מִבַּעֲלֵי הַדִּין יוֹתֵר מִן הָאַחֵר, וְכֵן אָמְרוּ בַּסִּפְרָא (קדושים ד ד) שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא אֶחָד מְדַבֵּר כָּל צָרְכּוֹ, וְאֶחָד אוֹמֵר לוֹ קַצֵּר דְּבָרֶיךָ. וְכֵן בְּפֶרֶק שְׁבוּעַת הָעֵדוּת (שבועות ל א), תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן בְּצֶדֶק תִּשְׁפֹּט עֲמִיתֶךָ, שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא אֶחָד עוֹמֵד וְאֶחָד יוֹשֵׁב, אֶחָד מְדַבֵּר כָּל צָרְכּוֹ וְאֶחָד אוֹמֵר לוֹ קַצֵּר דְּבָרֶיךָ. וְכֵן בִּכְלַל מִצְוָה זוֹ, שֶׁכָּל אִישׁ שֶׁהוּא חָכָם בְּדִינֵי הַתּוֹרָה וְיָשָׁר בִּדְרָכָיו, שֶׁהוּא מְצֻוֶּה שֶׁיָּדִין דִּין תּוֹרָה בֵּין בַּעֲלֵי הָרִיב אִם יֵשׁ כֹּחַ בְּיָדוֹ, וַאֲפִלּוּ יָחִיד יָכוֹל לָדוּן מִדִּין תּוֹרָה, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (סנהדרין ג, א) אֶחָד דָּן אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ דִּין תּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּצֶדֶק תִּשְׁפֹּט עֲמִיתֶךָ. וַחֲכָמִים הִזְהִירוּ (אבות ד ח), שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא אָדָם דָּן יְחִידִי. וְעוֹד יֵשׁ בִּכְלַל מִצְוָה זוֹ, שֶׁרָאוּי לְכָל אָדָם לָדוּן אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת וְלֹא יְפָרֵשׁ מַעֲשָׂיו וּדְבָרָיו אֶלָּא לְטוֹב. שֹׁרֶשׁ הַמִּצְוָה נִגְלֶה הוּא, כִּי בְּהַשְׁוָיַת הַדִּין יִתְיַשֵּׁב הָעוֹלָם, וְאִם יְכַבֵּד הַדַּיָּן אֶת הָאֶחָד מִבַּעֲלֵי הַדִּין עַל הָאַחֵר יִפְחַד בַּעַל הָרִיב מִלְּהַגִּיד כָּל טַעֲנוֹתָיו לְפָנָיו, וּמִתּוֹךְ כָּךְ יֵצֵא הַמִּשְׁפָּט מְעֻקָּל. וּבְמָה שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ שֶׁמִּצְוָה עַל הֶחָכָם בְּדִבְרֵי תּוֹרָה וְהוּא אִישׁ יָשָׁר לָדוּן בֵּין הַחוֹלְקִים, שֶׁזֶּהוּ בִּכְלַל הַמִּצְוָה, כְּמוֹ כֵן, גַּם בָּזֶה תּוֹעֶלֶת, כִּי הֶחָכָם וְהַיָּשָׁר, יָדִין דִּין אֱמֶת. וְאִם הוּא הַיּוֹדֵעַ לֹא יִרְצֶה לִשְׁפֹּט יִשְׁפְּטוּם שְׁאָר בְּנֵי אָדָם שֶׁאֵינָם חֲכָמִים וְיַטּוּ הַדִּין עַל הָאֶחָד מִבַּעֲלֵי הַדִּין בְּלִי יְדִיעָה. גַּם בְּמָה שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ שֶׁכָּל אָדָם חַיָּב לָדוּן חֲבֵרוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת, שֶׁהוּא בִּכְלַל הַמִּצְוָה, יִהְיֶה סִבָּה לִהְיוֹת בֵּין אֲנָשִׁים שָׁלוֹם וְרֵעוּת, וְנִמְצָא שֶׁעִקַּר כָּל כַּוָּנַת הַמִּצְוָה לְהוֹעִיל בְּיִשּׁוּב בְּנֵי אָדָם עִם יֹשֶׁר הַדִּין וְלָתֵת בֵּינֵיהֶם שָׁלוֹם עִם סִלּוּק הַחֲשָׁד אִישׁ בְּאִישׁ.

The commandment to judge with righteousness: To judge with righteousness, as it is stated (Leviticus 19:15), “you shall judge your people with righteousness.” And the explanation of it comes that the judges were commanded to treat the parties to the dispute equally - meaning to say that the judge not honor one of the litigants more than the other. And so they said in Sifra, Kedoshim, Chapter 4:4 that one not speak all that he needs, and [the judge] say to the other, “Speak briefly.” And so [too,] in the chapter [entitled] Shevuot HaEdut (Shevuot 30a), “Our Rabbis learned, ‘“You shall judge your people with righteousness” — that it not be that one stand and one sit; one not speak all that he needs, and [the judge] say to the other, “Speak briefly.”’” And so [too,] included in this commandment is that every man that is wise in the laws of the Torah and righteous in his ways is commanded to judge the law of the Torah between parties of a dispute, if he has the power in his hand [to do so]. And even an individual can judge from Torah writ — and like they, may their memory be blessed, said (Sanhedrin 3a), “One can judge his fellow from Torah writ, as it is stated, ‘You shall judge your people with righteousness.’” But the Sages warned (Mishnah Avot 4:8), that a man not judge alone. And also included in this commandment is that it is fit for every person to judge his fellow favorably, and only to understand his deeds and his words favorably. The root of the commandment is revealed to all — as with equitability in judgment, the world is civilized. But if a judge honors one of the litigants over the other, the [latter] disputant will fear to say all of his claims in front of him. And from this, the judgment will come out twisted. And about that which we said that it is a commandment upon one wise in words of Torah — and he be a righteous man — to judge those who disagree, that this is included in the commandment as well; there is benefit in this as well, as he will judge a true judgment. But if this one that knows does not want to judge, other people who are not wise will judge them, and they will slant the judgment towards one of the litigants without knowing. Also about that which we said that every person is obligated to judge his fellow favorably — that it is included in the commandment — is a cause for there to be peace and amity among people. And [so] it comes out that the essence of the whole intent of the commandment is to help in the civilization of people with righteousness of judgment, and to bring peace among them with the removal of suspicion of one man towards another.

Source 14 · Acharonim
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Arukh HaShulchan, Choshen Mishpat 133:1-6

ערוך השולחן, חושן משפט קל״ג:א׳-ו׳

Arukh HaShulchan, Choshen Mishpat 133:1-6

Arukh HaShulchan presents the practical rules of disputed movable property and possession, explaining why the party attempting to change the status quo must prove the claim. It also surveys major qualifications and common applications.

כל דבר המטלטל שהוא ברשות האדם לבד בעלי חיים שיתבאר בסי' קל"ה הוא בחזקת ששלו הוא ואפילו אם יביא המערער עדים שהיו שלו ואומר להמוחזק הפקדתים לך או השאלתים לך נאמן המוחזק לומר אתה מכרתו או נתתו לי במתנה וישבע היסת שכן הוא ואפילו המטלטלין שברשות הקטן הם בחזקת שלו דלא כיש מי שחולק בזה [נה"מ] ולכשיגדל ישביענו היסת [נ"ל] ואם טען המחזיק אמת שהחפץ הוא שלך אבל משכון הוא בידי יכול לטעון עד כדי דמי החפץ במיגו שהיה אומר לקוח הוא בידי אמנם חייב לישבע שבועה חמורה בנק"ח כדין הנשבעין ונוטלין ואע"ג דבלקוח אינו נשבע אלא היסת מ"מ בהודה שמשכון הוא בידו כיון שאינו טוען על גוף החפץ צריך לישבע בנק"ח ועוד טעמים בארנו בזה בסי' ע"ב סעי' ל"ג ואף שי"א שגם בזה אינו נשבע אלא היסת [ראב"ד] אין הלכה כן [ש"ך שם ס"ק ע'] ואם טוען המחזיק שהמערער חייב לו עד כדי דמיו מעסק משא ומתן שביניהם נכון הדבר שיברר ממה נתחייב לו שמא הוא סבור שנתחייב לו וכשיברר דבריו אולי יתברר שאינו חייב לו מיהו אם אמר ששכח החשבון ויודע בבירור שחייב לו כך וכך ע"פ חשבון שביניהם אין הבירור מעכב ואפילו אם אין המערער מביא עדים שהיתה שלו יכול לחייב את המחזיק שבועה כמו מי שטוען מנה לי בידך דחייב לישבע היסת מיהו יראה לי דאם לפי ראות עיני ב"ד אין החפץ של המערער אף שאין להם ראיה ברורה על זה אין מחייבין שבועה להמחזיק דאל"כ כל אדם שאינו הגון יחייב שבועות לכל בעלי נכסים ולא שבקת חיי דהא גם כשטוען מנה לי בידך צריך לברר דבריו כמ"ש בסי' ע"ה וכבר בארנו עיקר גדול בענייני שבועות בס"ס ט"ו ע"ש:

Source 15 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 75:1-2

שולחן ערוך, חושן משפט ע״ה:א׳-ב׳

Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 75:1-2

The Shulchan Arukh codifies rules for a defendant's admission and denial in monetary claims, including when an oath is imposed. These provisions show how the claimant's burden interacts with partial admission and the laws of litigants' assertions.

התובע את חבירו בב"ד מנה לי בידך בית דין אומרים לו ברר דבריך ממה חייב לך הלוית אותו או הפקדת בידו או הזיק ממונך שאפשר שהוא חושב שחייב לו ואינו חייב לו וכן הנתבע אם משיב אין לך בידי כלום או איני חייב לך כלום צריך לברר דבריו דשמא טועה וסובר שאינו חייב לו והוא חייב לו ואפי' היה חכם גדול אומרים לו אין לך הפסד שתשיב על טענתו ותודיענו כיצד אין אתה חייב לו:

Source 16 · Acharonim
Verified

Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 222:1-2

שולחן ערוך, חושן משפט רכ״ב:א׳-ב׳

Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 222:1-2

The code discusses disputes over ownership and transactions involving property held by one party, illustrating how possession and proof determine which litigant can prevail. The underlying rule is that extraction requires evidence.

נאמן בעל המקח לומר לזה מכרתי ולזה לא מכרתי אימתי בזמן שהמקח יוצא מתחת ידו אבל אם אין המקח יוצא מתחת ידו הרי הוא עד א' בלבד ודינו בעדות זו כדין כל אדם שהרי אינו נוגע בעדותו (לא שנא נקט זוזי מחד לא שנא נקט זוזי משנים ואמר שאחד מהם נתן לו בעל כרחו (טור) ולפיכך אם נטל הדמים משנים ונטל מאחד מדעתו ומאחד בעל כרחו ולא ידע ממי נטל מדעתו וממי נטל בעל כרחו בין שהיה המקח בידו בין שהיו שניהם תופסים בו אין כאן עדות כלל וכל אחד מהם נשבע כתקנת חכמים בנקיטת חפץ ונוטל חצי המקח וחצי הדמים:

Source 17 · Acharonim
Verified

recovered from “Siftei Kohen Choshen Mishpat 133:1

Siftei Kohen on Choshen Mishpat 133:1

שפתי כהן על שולחן ערוך חושן משפט קל״ג:א׳

Siftei Kohen on Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 133:1

The Shakh analyzes the evidentiary force of possession in disputed movable property and explains the relationship between מוחזק and the burden placed on the claimant. His comments refine when the basic rule applies and when additional proof is required.

וכן נאמן לו' לקוח הוא במגו דהחזרתי כו'. ובסי' ע"ב סי"ח כ' מור"ם בהג"ה דאם היה טוען בפני עדים לקחתיהו ממנו אפילו זמן רב קודם שבא לדין דשוב אינו נאמן לומר לפני ב"ד לקחתיהו במגו דהחזרתי ומביאו ג"כ בסמ"ע ולפי מ"ש שם דנאמן אח"כ לומר לקחתיה צ"ל דכאן מיירי שבשעה שאמר לפני עדים לקחתיה לא היה נאמן כגון שראו אותה העדים בידו קודם שאמר לפניהם לקחתיו ודו"ק:

Source 18 · Acharonim
Verified

recovered from “Netivot HaMishpat Choshen Mishpat 25:2

Netivot HaMishpat 25:2

נתיבות המשפט, ביאורים על שולחן ערוך חושן משפט כ״ה:ב׳

Netivot HaMishpat, Beurim on Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 25:2

Netivot HaMishpat analyzes how courts should rule when a party seeks to take money from another without decisive proof, clarifying the interaction between presumptions, claims, and evidentiary standards.

עש"ך סק"ב שכתב במאי דסלק' בתיקו אם פסק הדיין להוציא מיד המוחזק להנך פוסקים דס"ל דמהני תפיסה בתיקו או פסק הדיין לא הוי טועה. ובתומים משיג עליו ומסיק דהדין חוזר כשלא התפיסו עדיין וכשהתפיסו זכה והדיין מחויב לשלם.

Source 19 · Acharonim
Verified

Ketzot HaChoshen 34:4

קצות החושן על שולחן ערוך חושן משפט ל״ד:ד׳

Ketzot HaChoshen on Shulchan Arukh, Choshen Mishpat 34:4

The passage explains that a person is trusted regarding themselves despite being closely related to themselves, because Torah grants credibility to individuals testifying about their own status—a credibility equivalent to a hundred witnesses—and this applies even when the person has disqualifying factors, since Torah disqualifies relatives only when they testify about others, not about themselves.

ולכן נר' דהא דנאמן אדם על עצמו אע"פ שהוא קרוב אל עצמו היינו משום דכן גזירת הכתוב שיהא אדם נאמן על עצמו בכל הפסולין שיש בו וכבר האיר ענינו מאור העולם רש"י בקידושין פרק האומר דף ס"ה שם הודאת בעל דין כמאה עדים ז"ל רש"י דכתיב אשר יאמר כי הוא זה הרי שסמך על מקצת הודאתו ע"כ ואם כן כי היכא דהאמין התורה שני עדים על אחרים כן האמין התורה לכל אדם על עצמו אף על גב דהוא קרוב לעצמו דקרוב לא פסלה התורה אלא על אחרים אבל על עצמו נאמן מה שאין כן לזכות דבא להעיד על אחרים משום הכי אינו נאמן ובש"ך ריש סימן ל"ז נתחבט גם כן בדבר הזה בטעמא דאדם נאמן על עצמו לחוב וז"ל דהיכא דיש לו הנאה ומקרי נוגע חשיב כקרוב אבל היכא דמעיד לחוב לאו נוגע הוא ולא חשיב כקרוב ע"ש. ולא אדע על מה נתחבטו בפסול קרוב יותר משאר פסולי עדות דהא נהי דאינו קרוב לחוב מכל מקום אינו אלא עד א' ותורה אמרה עפ"י שנים עדים יקום דבר ועוד עבד ושפחה וגזלן נמי הודאת בעל דין כמאה עדים אלא עיקר הטעם הוא כמ"ש דהתורה לא פסלה אלו הפסולים אבל על עצמו האמינו תורה ונתן לו נאמנות כמאה עדים וילפינן לה מדכתיב כי הוא זה וכמ"ש רש"י וזה היא ברירא דהך מלתא:

See also

Source 20 · Acharonim
Verified

Arukh HaShulchan, Yoreh De'ah 190:141

ערוך השולחן, יורה דעה ק״צ:קמ״א

Arukh HaShulchan, Yoreh De'ah 190:141

A woman with a condition of frequent vaginal bleeding discovered a stain larger than a grain of mustard with a reddish appearance at its edge, while the rest of the stain was green and white; she was ruled impure because all the stains came from her body (being consistent with her pattern), so the red one was also presumed to originate from her body, but dissenting views hold that if the red mark appears only at the edge of the green stain it is certainly from her body, whereas if it is somewhat distant from it there is no proof it came from her body and it may be attributed to something else she could attribute it to, unless she actually felt the discharge in which case the distance does not permit leniency.

מעשה באשה שהיתה בעלת חטטין ומכות המגועלות בדם וגם דרך אשה זו היתה לראות מגופה בשעת מציאת הכתם מראות לבנות וירוקות הכשרים ומצאה כתם יותר מכגריס ובראשו היה נמצא מראה אודם ושארי הכתמים היו רק ירוקים ולבנים ואסרוה מטעם דאף שיש לה במה לתלות מ"מ כיון דכל הכתמים הוי וודאי מגופה שהרי דרכה לראות כן א"כ גם זה האדום מגופה וטמאה אפילו בפחות מכגריס ועוד [רמ"א בתשו' סי' צ"ו] וחלקו עליו דוודאי בכה"ג שהאדום הוא בקצה הכתם הירוק וודאי ניכר שגם זה הוא מגופה אבל אם היה רק רחוק קצת מזה הכתם אין ראיה עליו שגם הוא בא מגופה ותלינן אותו במה שביכולת לתלות [ט"ז סוף סי' זה ונקה"כ] אמנם זהו כשלא הרגישה אבל הרגישה אין להקל גם בריחוק מקום [ח"ד סקל"ז] ואשה שרגילה לראות קרטין אדומין יתבאר בס"ד בסי' קצ"א:

See also

Source 21 · Acharonim
Verified

Mishnah Berurah 213:3

משנה ברורה רי״ג

Mishnah Berurah 213:3

The Mishnah Berurah explains the practical conditions of shomea ke-oneh in blessings, including the relationship between the reciter's intention, the listener's intention, and the listener's response.

(ג) אחד פוטר את חבירו - ר"ל אפילו יודע כ"א בעצמו לברך אפ"ה אחד מברך ומוציא חבירו לכתחלה והוא שחבירו ישמע הברכה מתחלה ועד סוף ויכוין לצאת כדלקמן ס"ב והכי עדיף טפי דברוב עם הדרת מלך:

See also

Source 22 · Acharonim
External

בצל החכמה ח"ב סי' ט"ז אות ד'

בצל החכמה, ח״ב סי׳ ט״ז

בצל החכמה ח"ב סי' ט"ז אות ד'

The passage discusses whether a passenger in an airplane who sees seas, mountains, or deserts must recite a blessing if they have a clear direct view, and whether a city physically close to a walled city but unable to see it due to topographical barriers is legally considered "visible" for purposes of Megilla reading on the fifteenth of Adar.

On this pageThis page contains the opening of Siman 16, which addresses whether a passenger in an airplane who sees seas, mountains, or deserts must recite the blessing of seeing ('berakhat ha-re'iyah'). The author rules in section 1 (אות א) that if the passenger has a clear, direct view of them, they are obligated to bless, analyzing the halachic requirements of proximity for this blessing. This page continues the discussion in Siman 16 regarding the definition of 'adjacent and visible' (סמוך ונראה) for a city near a walled city concerning Megilla reading on the 15th of Adar. It debates whether a city that is physically close but cannot see the walled city due to topographical barriers or distance is still legally considered 'visible,' drawing comparisons to laws about seeing the sea and graves.

בצל החכמה ח"ב סי' ט"ז אות ד' — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 254

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Source 23 · Modern
External

אם יכול להוציא את חבירו קודם שיוציא לעצמו.

הר צבי, או"ח סי׳ ק״ס

Har Tzvi OC 160

One who is obligated in a mitzvah can discharge another's obligation even before discharging his own, just as he can discharge it after he has already fulfilled the mitzvah himself.

המחויב בדבר כשם שאם עשה מצותו כבר מוציא לחבירו כך מוציאו קודם שיוציא לעצמו

On this pageThe passage discusses a ruling of the Ritba stating that a person who is obligated in a mitzvah can discharge another's obligation even before fulfilling his own. The author rejects the theory that this rule is based on an unresolved query in the Jerusalem Talmud, arguing instead that the Ritba held this as a certainty. He supports this principle with proofs from the Babylonian Talmud in Pesachim and Rosh Hashanah, showing that one can halakhically discharge others even if they themselves do not simultaneously fulfill the obligation. The passage discusses whether one can discharge another's obligation of Kiddush when they themselves are not currently fulfilling it, such as if they already performed it or are not at their own place of a meal. It analyzes the view of the Pri Chadash, who permits this, and contrasts it with other authorities like the Chacham Tzvi regarding scenarios where the blesser cannot drink the wine.

Har Tzvi OC 160 — page scan on HebrewBooks
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Related sources· 6 found, not yet verifiedSign in to verify
  • כל דבר המטלטל שהוא ביד האדם בחזקת שהוא שלו אפילו אם יביא המערער עדים שהוא שלו ואומר למוחזק הפקדתיו לך או השאלתיו לך נאמן המוחזק לומר אתה מכרתו לי או נתתו לי במתנה וישבע היסת ואם טען שלך הוא אבל משכון הוא בידי יכול לטעון עד כדי דמיו ונשבע בנקיטת חפץ ונוטל ואם טוען נתחייבת לי עד כדי דמיו מעסק משא ומתן שבינינו (טור ס"ג בשם הרא"ש) נכון הדבר שיברר ממה נתחייב לו שמא הוא סבור שנתחייב לו וכשיברר דבריו שמא אינו חייב לו:

    Same passage as Arukh HaShulchan, Choshen Mishpat 133:1-6

  • (ג) אחד פוטר את חבירו - ר"ל אפילו יודע כ"א בעצמו לברך אפ"ה אחד מברך ומוציא חבירו לכתחלה והוא שחבירו ישמע הברכה מתחלה ועד סוף ויכוין לצאת כדלקמן ס"ב והכי עדיף טפי דברוב עם הדרת מלך: (יז) אפילו לא יענו אמן - דקי"ל דשומע כעונה והרי הוא כמברך בעצמו.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • Bava Metzia 61bunverified

    Filed under: Lies

  • Filed under: אין ראיה

  • Kiddushin 32bunverified

    Filed under: Not Burdening Others

  • Nedarim 28aunverified

    Filed under: Prohibition to Lie

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