The biblical foundation for the institution of the Canaanite slave appears in Bereishit 9:25–27, where Noach pronounces that Canaan shall be the lowest of slaves to his brothers, and is then elaborated in Vayikra 25:39–46, which explicitly permits acquiring male and female slaves from the surrounding nations and passing them to one's children as an inherited possession forever — a permission Rashi limits to nations outside the Land of Israel, since the seven Canaanite nations within its borders were subject to the command of total destruction (Rashi on Vayikra 25:44–46).
The Gemara in Kiddushin 14b–25b derives from the verse's comparison of a Canaanite slave to ancestral land (שדה אחוזה) that he is acquired through three modes — money, deed, and possession — and can similarly free himself through those means; the Mishna there records a dispute between Rabbi Meir and the Sages over whether the money and the bill of manumission must come through the slave himself or through others, grounded in the principle that a slave has no independent property rights.
The Rambam in Mishneh Torah, Slaves 1:1–8:18 codifies that a Canaanite slave is acquired through five modes — money, deed, possession (chazakah), chalifin, and meshikhah — and frees himself through three, while Mishneh Torah, Sales 2:2 specifies that chazakah in the context of slaves consists of acts of personal service performed before the master, such as removing or putting on his sandal, carrying his vessels to the bathhouse, or the master lifting the slave.
Once acquired, the Canaanite slave undergoes circumcision and immersion for the sake of slavery, thereby becoming obligated in those commandments that women are obligated in; Shabbat 137b records the brachah recited at a slave's circumcision, and Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 267:17 rules that until immersion the slave retains the full status of a gentile in all matters, after which he is a slave bound by those obligations — though the Shulchan Arukh adds that even though the law permits demanding harsh labor (avodah befareikh), the proper path of piety is to speak gently with him, not to shame or oppress him, and to provide him with food and drink.
The Sefer HaChinukh 347 identifies a positive commandment to keep the Canaanite slave in permanent servitude, citing Rav Yehudah's teaching (Gittin 38b) that one who manumits his slave violates a positive commandment derived from לְעוֹלָם בָּהֶם תַּעֲבֹדוּ; the Arukh HaShulchan, Yoreh De'ah 267:134 further explains, drawing on the Sifra, that while the verse grants the master authority to demand any form of labor, it does not license striking, humiliating, or shaming the slave, since the Gemara in Niddah (47a) teaches that the slave was given for labor, not for humiliation.
Manumission is effected by a bill of freedom, as codified in Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 267:41, which rules that a master may write on paper or a shard any formulation releasing the slave and hand it to him or to another on his behalf — even without the slave's knowledge, since being freed is a benefit — but if the slave protests upon receiving it, he does not go free; the Gemara in Gittin 11b further records that the Sages disagree with Rabbi Meir and hold that a master may not retract a bill of manumission once delivered, because the agent acquires it on the slave's behalf from the moment of handover.
With respect to property, Bava Metzia 12a rules that whatever a Canaanite slave or maidservant finds belongs to the master, not to the slave, since the slave cannot hold independent property; similarly, Gittin 12a clarifies that when a master wishes not to sustain his slave, the arrangement must be framed as directing the slave to support himself from his own earnings rather than as a complete waiver of the master's duties.
Igros Moshe (YD 3:102) rules that when an Israelite acquires a Canaanite slave or maidservant — whether purchased directly or through an intermediary — he obtains only a usage right over the slave's labor (kinyan l'maaseh yadav) rather than full ownership of the slave's body, such that the slave cannot be permanently transferred to another owner, and the offspring of such a maidservant follow the same restricted rule.
Tzitz Eliezer (21:54) addresses the Talmudic question of whether a Canaanite slave can serve as a duly appointed agent (shaliach) to receive a bill of divorce on his master's behalf, examining whether the slave's acceptance is effective if the master did not explicitly designate him as such, given that proper agency requires formal appointment and the slave's capacity to serve as an agent is itself in question.