The foundational pasuk is God's declaration to Israel in Shemot 19:4 — 'I bore you on eagles' wings and brought you to Myself' — which the parallel imagery in Devarim 32:11-12 elaborates: as an eagle rouses its nestlings, spreads its wings, and bears them on its pinions, so did God carry His people, making the eagle the Torah's central metaphor for divine redemption.
Chazal read the 'eagles' wings' of Shemot 19:4 as a description of the miraculous speed of the Shemot: Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Tractate Bachodesh 2:5 records R. Eliezer's view that the verse refers to the day Israel were all gathered instantly to Ramses, and Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Tractate Pischa 14:2 likewise states that Israel traveled from Ramses to Sukkot in the blink of an eye, fulfilling the promise of being carried on eagles' wings.
The Mekhilta tradition also draws out the eagle's distinctive behavior as the vehicle of the metaphor: Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Tractate Bachodesh 2:5 explains that unlike other birds, which carry their young beneath their feet out of fear of predators above, the eagle fears only the human archer and therefore places itself between the arrow and its young — so too God interposed Himself protectively between Israel and harm; Mekhilta DeRabbi Shimon Ben Yochai 19:4 adds that just as the eagle carries its young on its shoulders rather than underfoot, God bore Israel in the same exalted manner.
Among the Rishonim, Rashi on Devarim 32:11 emphasizes the compassion inherent in the eagle metaphor: the eagle does not enter its nest suddenly but beats its wings between branches to rouse its young gently, and when transporting them does not clutch them in its claws as other birds do — because other birds fear the eagle above and carry their young protectively underfoot, but the eagle fears only the arrow, and so carries its young on its back rather than beneath it.
The Rishonim commenting on Shemot 19:4 each illuminate a distinct dimension of 'I brought you to Myself': the Ramban (Shemot 19:4) understands this as God bringing Israel to the place of His Glory, the very mountain where the Divine Presence dwells, while the Sforno (Shemot 19:4) reads the eagles' wings as describing a path no other creature travels — the high air through which the eagle alone leads its young — signifying Israel's separation from all nations to belong exclusively to God, and the Ibn Ezra (Shemot 19:4) connects 'I brought you to Myself' to the descent of God's glory upon that holy mountain.
The Zoharic tradition, as transmitted and explained by the Sulam on Zohar, Yitro 279, identifies the eagles' wings with divine mercy (rachamim): citing the same verse from Devarim 32, R. Yehudah explains that the eagle symbolizes compassion — mercy toward Israel and judgment toward the nations — just as the divine attribute of Tiferet (the 'heavens') governs with compassion for its children, and ילקוט ראובני, האזינו preserves a parallel tradition in which 'the way of the eagle in the heavens' means 'in mercy,' with God's mercy manifest toward Israel as the eagle's mercy is manifest toward its young.
The Hasidic masters read the eagles' wings of the Shemot as pointing beyond the miracle itself to an inner transformation: Shem MiShmuel, Beshalach 4:11 affirms that the gathering of Israel at Ramses and their instantaneous journey to Sukkot fulfilled 'I bore you on eagles' wings,' but insists the ultimate purpose was not the suspension of nature — since nature itself was created in accordance with Torah — but rather a deeper realignment, and Sefat Emet, Shemot 12:3 similarly sees the swiftness from Ramses to Sukkot as an allusion to the spiritual elevations Israel underwent, becoming 'other people' in an instant.
Kedushat Levi, Shemot, Yitro 9 reads 'I carried you on eagles' wings and brought you to Myself' as God's promise that Israel would be elevated to His own level of delight permanently, without the falling away from spiritual attainment that ordinarily precedes ascent — the eagles' wings being the vehicle of a joy that requires no descent to be renewed.
Or HaChaim on Shemot 19:4 underscores the contrast embedded in the phrase 'I brought you to Myself': unlike the offer of Torah to Esav and Yishmael, to whom God sent messengers to their own places in Se'ir and Paran merely to indict them for the future, Israel alone were actively brought near to God — the eagles' wings thus marking not just miraculous transport but the unique intimacy of Israel's election.
Looking toward future redemption, Yeshayahu 40:31 promises that those who trust in God will renew their strength and rise on wings like eagles — they will run and not grow weary, walk and not grow faint — so that the eagle imagery migrates from the founding redemption of the Shemot to the eschatological renewal that the Maamar HaGeulah, Chapter 5 7:1 connects to an era of unceasing divine blessing, when the angels who channel divine energy will receive an uninterrupted flow of abundance.