The foundational model is Avraham, who runs to greet strangers and presses them to accept hospitality even while recovering from his own surgery, as told in Bereishit 18:2-3, a scene the Gemara reads as establishing that hospitality toward guests is even greater than receiving the Divine Presence itself, and greater than rising early for Torah study, in Shabbat 127a:13-15. Midrashic tradition elaborates that Avraham fed travelers and only afterward asked them to bless God, as recorded in Bereshit Rabbah 49:4, and Kad HaKemach, Guests 1 traces the whole trait of hospitality to the attribute of chessed itself, by which God sustains every creature and which Avraham embodied so fully that the attribute itself declared it had no work to do in his lifetime.
Chazal root chessed as one of the pillars sustaining the world, alongside Torah and divine service, in Pirkei Avot 1:2, a claim Derekh Chayyim 1:2 develops by explaining that the world's very endurance depends on human acts of kindness mirroring God's own kindly governance, and the Tosefta's account of King Munbaz giving away his treasures is cited there as storing up treasures that produce enduring fruit.
Chessed is ranked above charity itself: Sukkah 49b:9-11 teaches that acts of kindness exceed tzedakah because they can be done with one's body as well as one's money, and apply to the poor and the rich alike, a distinction sharpened in Mesillat Yesharim 19:23-30, which notes that tzedakah is confined to money while gemillut chassadim extends to the body, and in Shenei Luchot HaBerit, Aseret HaDibrot, Pesachim, Ner Mitzva:177, which distinguishes tzedakah as discharging an obligation from chessed as giving beyond what is strictly owed, even to the wealthy, the sick, or the dead.
The Gemara in Bava Metzia 30b:11-13 reads the verse in Shemot as encoding gemillut chassadim, bikur cholim, burial, and going beyond the letter of the law as components of "the way they shall walk," and Sotah 14a:4 frames all such acts as imitatio Dei: clothing the naked and visiting the sick because God Himself did so for Adam. The Rambam codifies bikur cholim, comforting mourners, burial, and bringing in the bride as rabbinic positive commandments in Mishneh Torah, Mourning 14:1, and Sefer HaMitzvot grounds the whole category of walking in God's ways — being gracious, compassionate, and devoted — in Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 8.
Chessed also governs the quality of interpersonal conduct short of formal acts: Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions 5:7 describes one who greets everyone first, judges favorably, and pursues peace, a theme Likutei Moharan 282:1 develops at length regarding judging even the wicked favorably to elevate them toward merit. Sefer HaChinukh 243:1 roots this in loving one's fellow as oneself, and Arakhin 16b:4-5 derives from the prohibition against hatred in the heart an obligation to rebuke a fellow for his own good.
Beyond the human plane, chessed is cast as a cosmic principle: Tomer Devorah 1:13-14 describes angels who present human acts of kindness before God so that He responds with mercy even toward the undeserving, and Sefat Emet, Bereishit, Vayera 25:4 reads Avraham as the very pillar of chessed whose merit shields the world. Recanati on the Torah, Noach:32 cites the Sefer HaBahir's image of the attribute of chessed itself declaring that Avraham performed its service for it, and Sefer HaChinukh 66:2 explains that God wants His creatures habituated to kindness and mercy so they become fit vessels for receiving good.
Chessed is also treated as a divine attribute distinguished from strict justice: Beit Yaakov, Shmini 16 and Beit Yaakov, Shmini 15 both explain chessed as God's sparing compassion toward the poor and unwise, contrasted with mishpat's impartial justice toward powerful and humble alike. Chiddushei Aggadot, Bava Kamma 119 ranks visiting the dangerously ill above lending utensils as a higher form of chessed, and Chiddushei Aggadot, Sotah 14 states that the Torah begins and ends with chessed because chessed is its essential goodness, judgment arising only on account of human wrongdoing.
Chessed is further explored as a term bearing specific nuance: Meiri and HaKsav VeHaKabbalah both define chessed as kindness beyond strict obligation, Rav Samson Raphael Hirsch defines it as selfless devotion to another without regard for oneself, and Malbim on Mishlei 11:17 explains that one who performs chessed ultimately benefits his own soul, in contrast to the cruel person who harms himself as well as others. Ahavat Chesed, Part II 1:1 opens by asking why the pasuk in Michah pairs "ahavat chesed" rather than simply "chesed," signaling that love of kindness is itself a distinct quality to be cultivated.
Chessed also takes communal and ritual form: Ketubot's formula for comforting mourners addresses the community as "bestowers of loving-kindness, sons of bestowers of loving-kindness," invoking Avraham's legacy, in Ketubot 8b:10, and Tanna DeBei Eliyahu Rabbah:48 calls on every person to show mercy to the poor, orphans, and widows just as God does. Yeshayahu 58:7 frames this practically as sharing bread with the hungry and clothing the naked, and Peninei Halakhah, Kashrut 14:6 extends the Torah's concern with compassion even to the treatment of animals, limiting cruelty despite permitting consumption of meat.
Chessed is given a mystical and personal register as well: Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 45:3 associates chessed with the right arm and an embrace, linking tzedakah and chessed to divine closeness, while Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 32:1-2 grounds love of every Jew in the shared root of souls beneath bodily separation. Beit Yaakov, Vayikra 11 reads chesed as bound up with longing and dependence on God's protection, since the future cannot be secured by human effort alone, and Otzrot HaRaayah, Volume 6, Part א 40:1 declares that "the world is built on chesed," tracing all of Torah's beginning and end to acts of kindness.
Two sources treat chessed in relation to formal legal process: Contemporary Halakhic Problems, Vol II, Part I, Chapter VI Business and Commerce reads a just verdict as itself simultaneously an act of charity toward the losing party, since it preserves him from transgression, and Contemporary Halakhic Problems, Vol IV, Chapter XII May Tissue Donations Be Compelled grounds the obligation to save life in the teaching that saving a single soul is accounted as saving an entire world. Rosh Hashanah 28a:14-15 shows chessed operating even within the technicalities of vows, permitting one forbidden from benefiting from another to still have a mitzvah performed on his behalf, since fulfilling a mitzvah is not deemed a benefit.
Several mystical sources on the sheet sharpen distinctions within chessed that go beyond ordinary charity: Hemshech Ayin Beis 5675 י"ט כסלו, העת"ר concludes that chesed, unlike tzedakah which fills the poor man's lack, extends even to the wealthy and draws down an entirely new spiritual abundance, and Peirush HaMilos יום ליום יביע אומר concludes that divine chessed can descend fully into concrete physical sustenance, such as bread and livelihood, or remain instead in purely spiritual form.