The clearest starting point is the Tanach’s own witness that the natural world—heavens, sun, moon, stars, earth—was brought into being by God and testifies to His wisdom and glory rather than possessing independent divine status: Bereishit 1:1-31 recounts God making the lights and separating light from darkness, Tehillim 19:2-7 has the heavens declaring God's glory, Tehillim 104:1-35 describes all creatures looking to God for sustenance and the earth being renewed by His breath, Job 38:1-41:26 has God Himself pointing to the limits He set the sea as proof of His mastery over nature, and Yeshayahu 40:25-26 calls on Israel to look at the stars and recognize the One who created and numbers them.
Precisely because the heavenly bodies are God's creation and servants, the Torah forbids treating them as objects of worship: Devarim 4:15-19 warns against being lured into bowing to the sun, moon, and stars, and Mishneh Torah, Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations 1:1-2 traces the origin of idolatry precisely to the mistaken honoring of the heavenly bodies as God's honored servants rather than recognizing God alone as worthy of worship.
Chazal address the relationship between nature and the miraculous directly: Avodah Zarah 54b-55a teaches that the world generally continues in its accustomed natural course even though this allows fools to err through idolatry, Chagigah 12a:5-6 lists the primal elements—heaven, earth, light, darkness, wind, water—created on the first day as the Torah's own account of nature's origin, and Berakhot 10a:14 has David's song of praise arising specifically from contemplating the stars and constellations as creatures that fulfill God's will.
Among the Rishonim, philosophical treatments stress that God is the Creator who brought the universe from nothing and stands beyond nature in essence: Guide for the Perplexed, Part 2 13:2 sets out that according to the Torah the entire universe, including time itself, was brought into existence by God's will from non-existence; Kuzari 1:68-79 marvels that the Creator of all bodies and souls, utterly exalted beyond sense and intellect, nonetheless has intimate contact with the lowliest creatures; Duties of the Heart, First Treatise on Unity 1-10 insists that one may only ask whether God exists and investigate His unity, never His essence; and Sefer HaIkkarim, Maamar 2 1-10 similarly teaches that God's existence is grasped only through His effects as cause of all existing things, never through His unknowable essence.
Related Rishonic sources caution that overreliance on nature, or mistaking natural causation for ultimate reality, risks sliding toward belief in the eternity of the world or neglect of providence: Rabbeinu Bahya, Bamidbar 33:1 warns that without first mastering the Torah's account of signs and wonders, a person is prone to attribute everything to nature and come to believe in the eternity of the universe, while Rabbeinu Bahya, Bamidbar 13:2 teaches that a person must nonetheless act through natural means while trusting the remainder to Heaven, since miracles occur specifically where nature is lacking. Akeidat Yitzchak similarly frames human dominance over the animal kingdom as itself a wondrous natural order rooted in creation for the sake of providential governance, and Akeidat Yitzchak 49:1 and Akeidat Yitzchak 15:1 extend this theme, likening the heavenly order to the Menorah's structure and comparing the works of creation to the works of the righteous. Malbim on Bereishit 24:12 distinguishes mere chance occurrences from providentially arranged signs within the natural order.
Hasidic and kabbalistic sources push further, teaching that nature is not an independent domain but a concealment of the divine light that constantly recreates it—approaching a panentheistic rather than pantheistic picture, since nature is not itself God but God's garment: Tanya, Part II; Shaar HaYichud VehaEmunah 1-6 explains that the name Elokim is numerically equal to hateva (nature) because it conceals the supernal light that brings the world into existence, so that the world only appears to run naturally; Tanya, Part II; Shaar HaYichud VehaEmunah 7-9 adds that God, though above space and time, continuously brings all dimensions of space and time into being; Likkutei Torah, Vaetchanan 1 describes the world as constantly brought into being through tzimtzum and hitpashtut from God's name; Nefesh HaChayim, Gate III 1-3 explains that God is called Makom because He is the true place sustaining all worlds, which would cease to exist without His continual power; Haamek Davar on Bereishit 9:16 distinguishes the name Elokim as God governing nature from God as Creator of the world; and Sefat Emet, Bereishit, Bereshit 1:3-4 and Sefat Emet, Bereishit, Bereshit 3:2 teach that creation itself channels God's light into this world called teva, with Torah woven into every created thing so that man may learn divine service from all of nature.
Mussar literature focuses on the practical and perceptual challenge of recognizing God within or beyond the natural order: Chochma uMusar (Alter of Kelm) teaches that God is both near, since His glory fills the earth, and far, since His essence is unknowable, and that reasoning from composite nature to a Composer is one path of the 'near' knowledge; Daas Torah (Rav Yerucham Levovitz) contrasts the nations, who rely on nature for success, with Israel's distinctive reliance on God's direct providence without any admixture of natural causation; and Michtav MeEliyahu (Rav Dessler) and the parallel teaching of Michtav MeEliyahu (Rav Dessler) describe nature as potentially an obstacle—"the weapon of the Satan"—that can blind a person to divine providence and miracle unless one rises above a purely natural outlook.
The Shiurei Daas lectures on nes and teva develop this theme systematically: Shiurei Daas 1 p. 116 explains that God predetermined exceptional modes of providential guidance, including miracles, within the very structure of creation, so that such deviations do not actually contradict nature's underlying laws; Shiurei Daas 1 p. 88 states that creation is continually renewed and that natural laws have no independent authority of their own, God's will alone being the true power behind everything, as reflected in Moshe's encounter with the burning bush; Shiurei Daas 1 p. 124 notes that although God's power is unlimited, He ordinarily governs through the fixed laws established at creation, while the Shemot revealed His authority beyond earthly and heavenly intermediaries; Shiurei Daas 1 p. 111 states that God established fixed limits in creation and ordinarily conducts the world by an ordered system even where He could alter conditions; Shiurei Daas 1 p. 112 argues it is a mistake to limit 'nature' to everyday visible phenomena since spiritual forces like blessing and curse are themselves part of an extended, interconnected natural chain; and Shiurei Daas 1 p. 109 examines how a foretold danger could be transformed through the merit of circumcision, within this same framework of nature and providence.
Modern poskim and thinkers extend this into the religious significance of engaging with nature itself: Ein Aya, Berakhot 9:164 teaches that contemplating the works of nature as they are, without human alteration, fills the heart with sanctity and love of God, though true understanding also requires knowledge guided by Torah; and Peninei Halakhah, The Nation and the Land 1:2 criticizes a limited faith that sees nature as an obstacle to belief and relies excessively on miracles, insisting instead that complete faith recognizes God as the one who created heaven and earth and gave man the wisdom to develop science and nature alike. Peninei Halakhah, The Nation and the Land 1:1 further identifies the root sin of idolatry as a false division of the world into separate domains, alienating the spiritual from the natural, and Peninei Halakhah, The Nation and the Land 1:10 teaches that the number seven and the Sabbath reveal the sanctity hidden within nature itself, a theme tied to the holiness of the Land of Israel.