Ramban comments on the biblical command to rejoice before God with the Four Species and relates the mitzvah to thanksgiving for the agricultural harvest and divine beneficence. His reading highlights Sukkot as a festival of gratitude expressed through the natural world.
פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר שֶׁטַּעַם עֵצוֹ וּפִרְיוֹ שָׁוֶה, "הָדָר" הַדָּר בְּאִילָנוֹ מִשָּׁנָה לְשָׁנָה, וְזֶה אֶתְרוֹג, לְשׁוֹן רַשִׁ"י (רש"י על ויקרא כ"ג:מ'). וְהֵן אַסְמַכְתּוֹת שֶׁעָשׂוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ (ת"כ כאן סוכה לה) לְקַבָּלָתָם. וְר"א כָּתַב, וְהָאֱמֶת אָמְרוּ כִּי אֵין פְּרִי עֵץ יוֹתֵר הָדָר מִמֶּנּוּ, וְדָרְשׁוּ בּוֹ "הַדָּר בְּאִילָנוֹ" אַסְמַכְתָּא. וְהַנָּכוֹן בְּעֵינַי, כִּי הָאִילָן הַנִּקְרָא בִּלְשׁוֹן אֲרַמִּית "אֶתְרוֹג" נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ "הָדָר", כִּי פֵּרוּשׁ אֶתְרוֹג - חֶמְדָּה, כְּדִמְתַרְגְּמִינַן "נֶחְמָד לְמַרְאֶה" (בראשית ב ט) - "דִּמְרַגַּג לְמִחְזֵי", "לֹא תַחְמֹד" (דברים ה יח) - "לֹא תִרֹג", וְאָמְרִינַן, מִכָּל שְׁפַר אֲרַג נִכְסִין. וּלְשׁוֹן חֶמְדָּה וְהָדָר שָׁוִים בַּטַּעַם. וְנִקְרָא הָעֵץ וְהַפְּרִי בְּשֵׁם אֶחָד, כִּי כֵן הַמִּנְהָג בְּרוֹב הַפֵּרוֹת: תְּאֵנָה אֱגוֹז רִמּוֹן זַיִת וְזוּלָתָם. וְכֵן זֶה שֵׁם הָעֵץ וְהַפְּרִי, שְׁנֵיהֶם בַּאֲרָמִית אֶתְרוֹג וּבִלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ הָדָר. וּפְשׁוּטוֹ שֶׁל מִקְרָא יֹאמַר שֶׁנִּקַּח לָנוּ פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר וְנִקַּח כַּפּוֹת תְּמָרִים וְעָנָף אֶחָד מֵעֵץ עָבוֹת וְעָנָף אֶחָד מֵעַרְבֵי נַחַל, וְהִנֵּה הֵם אֶחָד מִכָּל מִין, כִּי כַּפּוֹת תְּמָרִים מְחֻבָּר אֶל "וּלְקַחְתֶּם לָכֶם" שֶׁהֵם הָרַבִּים, כִּי הֲלָכָה הִיא כְּרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא שֶׁאוֹמֵר (סוכה לד), כְּשֵׁם שֶׁלּוּלָב אֶחָד וְאֶתְרוֹג אֶחָד כָּךְ הֲדַס אֶחָד וַעֲרָבָה אַחַת. וּלְכָךְ תִּרְגֵּם אוּנְקְלוֹס (תרגום אונקלוס על ויקרא כ"ג:מ') בְּכֻלָּן בִּלְשׁוֹן רַבִּים, מְחֻבָּר אֶל "וּלְקַחְתֶּם לָכֶם" שֶׁהֵם הָרַבִּים. וּבְטַעַם הַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת אָמְרוּ (תענית ב) עַל דֶּרֶךְ הָאַגָּדוֹת, שֶׁהַמִּינִין הַלָּלוּ בָּאִין לְרַצּוֹת עַל הַמַּיִם. וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ הָאֱמֶת "פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר" הוּא הַפְּרִי שֶׁבּוֹ רֹב הַתַּאֲוָה וּבוֹ חָטָא אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ג ו) "וַתֵּרֶא הָאִשָּׁה כִּי טוֹב הָעֵץ לְמַאֲכָל וְכִי תַאֲוָה הוּא לָעֵינַיִם וְנֶחְמָד הָעֵץ לְהַשְׂכִּיל וַתִּקַּח מִפִּרְיוֹ וַתֹּאכַל", וְהִנֵּה הַחֵטְא בּוֹ לְבַדּוֹ, וַאֲנַחְנוּ נְרַצֶּה לְפָנָיו עִם שְׁאָר הַמִּינִים. וְ"כַפּוֹת תְּמָרִים" הוּא הָרֹאשׁ הַקַּו אֶמְצָעִי כָּפוּל וְגָבוֹהַּ עַל כֻּלָּם. "וַעֲנַף עֵץ עָבֹת" רֶמֶז לְשָׁלֹשׁ סְפִירוֹת בְּבַד אֶחָד, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "מִידֵי אֲבִיר יַעֲקֹב" (שם מט כד). "וְעַרְבֵי נָחַל" כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "סֹלּוּ לָרֹכֵב בָּעֲרָבוֹת" (תהלים סח ה), כִּי יִתְעָרְבוּ מִדַּת הַדִּין בְּמִדַּת הָרַחֲמִים. מִכָּאן תָּבִין וְתֵדַע שֶׁאֵין הָאֶתְרוֹג עִמָּהֶם בַּאֲגֻדָּה, וְהוּא מְעַכֵּב בָּהֶם, כִּי הוּא כְּנֶגֶד הָעֲצֶרֶת שֶׁהוּא רֶגֶל בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ וְתַשְׁלוּמִין דְּרִאשׁוֹן, וְהִנֵּה הֵם אֶחָד בְּכֹחַ וְלֹא בְּפֹעַל, וּכְבָר פֵּרַשְׁתִּי (רמב"ן על ויקרא כ"ג:ל"ו) טַעַם זֶה. וְהִנֵּה טַעַם כָּל הַפָּרָשָׁה, תָּחֹגּוּ אֶת חַג הַשֵּׁם הַגָּדוֹל שִׁבְעַת יָמִים שֶׁבְּמַעֲשֶׂה בְּרֵאשִׁית וְתִסְמְכוּ לָהֶם הַשְּׁמִינִי עֲצֶרֶת, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "לַמְנַצֵּחַ עַל הַשְּׁמִינִית" (תהלים ו א), וְגַם בְּאוֹתָן הַשִּׁבְעָה תִּקְחוּ בָּהֶם פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר וְהַלּוּלָב בַּאֲגֻדָּה, וּלְכָךְ הִקְדִּים הָאֶתְרוֹג, אֲבָל בַּשְּׁמִינִי אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ כִּי הוּא עַצְמוֹ הָדָר. וְזֶה טַעַם "וְחַגֹּתֶם אֹתוֹ חַג לַה' שִׁבְעַת יָמִים בַּשָּׁנָה", שֶׁתָּחֹגּוּ שִׁבְעַת הַיָּמִים עִם הַשָּׁנָה, עִנְיַן סִבּוּב וְהַקָּפָה, מִלְּשׁוֹן "וְחוּג שָׁמַיִם" (איוב כב יד), "וּבַמְּחוּגָה יְתָאֳרֵהוּ" (ישעיהו מד יג), וְכֵן "הָמוֹן חוֹגֵג" (תהלים מב ה). וּכְבָר רָמְזוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ הַסּוֹד הַזֶּה, אָמְרוּ בְּוַיִּקְרָא רַבָּה (ל ט), "פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר" זֶה הקב"ה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "הוֹד וְהָדָר לְפָנָיו" (תהלים צו ו), "כַּפּוֹת תְּמָרִים" זֶה הקב"ה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר יִפְרָח" (שם צב יג), "וַעֲנַף עֵץ עָבֹת" זֶה הקב"ה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וְהוּא עֹמֵד בֵּין הַהֲדַסִּים אֲשֶׁר בַּמְּצֻלָה" (זכריה א ח), "וְעַרְבֵי נָחַל" זֶה הקב"ה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "סֹלּוּ לָרֹכֵב בָּעֲרָבוֹת" (תהלים סח ה). וּבְמִדְרָשׁוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי נְחוּנְיָה בֶּן הַקָּנָה, מַאי "פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר", כְּדִמְתַרְגְּמִינַן "פֵּירֵי אִילָנָא אֶתְרוֹגִין וְלוּלַבִּין", וּמַאי "הָדָר", הַיְנוּ הֲדַר הַכֹּל, וְהַיְנוּ הֲדַר שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים דִּכְתִיב בְּהוּ "מִי זֹאת הַנִּשְׁקָפָה כְּמוֹ שָׁחַר" וְגוֹ' (ו י), וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ "הָדָר", אַל תִּקְרֵי הָדָר אֶלָּא הַדָּר, זֶה אֶתְרוֹג שֶׁהוּא נִפְרָד מֵאֶגֶד הַלּוּלָב וְאֵין מִצְוַת לוּלָב קַיֶּמֶת אֶלָּא בּוֹ, וְהוּא אָגוּד עִם הַכֹּל, שֶׁעִם כָּל אֶחָד הוּא וְעִם כֻּלָּם יַחַד הוּא. וּמַאי לוּלָב, כְּנֶגֶד חוּט הַשִּׁדְרָה. וַעֲנַף עֵץ עָבֹת, שֶׁעֲנָפָיו חוֹפִין אֶת רֻבּוֹ, מָשָׁל לְאָדָם שֶׁבִּזְרוֹעוֹתָיו יָגֵן עַל רֹאשׁוֹ, עָנָף לִשְׂמֹאל עָבוֹת לְיָמִין, נִמְצָא עֵץ בָּאֶמְצַע, וְלָמָּה נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ "עֵץ", שֶׁהוּא שֹׁרֶשׁ הָאִילָן. וּמַאי "עַרְבֵי נָחַל", עַל שֵׁם הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁהֵם קְבוּעִים בּוֹ שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ נַחַל, דִּכְתִיב "כָּל הַנְּחָלִים הֹלְכִים אֶל הַיָּם" וְגוֹ' (קהלת א ז), וּמַאי נִיהוּ יָם, הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר זֶה אֶתְרוֹג. וּמְנָא לָן דְּכָל מִדָּה וּמִדָּה מִכָּל אֵלּוּ הַשִּׁבְעָה אִקְּרִי נַחַל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וּמִמַּתָּנָה נַחֲלִיאֵל" (במדבר כא יט), אַל תִּקְרֵי נַחֲלִיאֵל אֶלָּא נַחֲלֵי אֵל וְכוּ'. וְהַמִּדְרָשׁ הַזֶּה עַל דַּעַת שְׁלֹשָׁה הֲדַסִּים וּשְׁתֵּי עֲרָבוֹת לוּלָב אֶחָד וְאֶתְרוֹג אֶחָד, וְהִיא הֲלָכָה לְדִבְרֵי הַגְּאוֹנִים וְהָרִאשׁוֹנִים כֻּלָּם:
AND YE SHALL TAKE YOU ON THE FIRST DAY ‘PRI EITZ HADAR’ (THE FRUIT OF GOODLY TREES). “[That is, a tree] whose bark has the same taste as its fruit. Hadar [a fruit] that ‘remains’ on its tree from one year to another, and this is the ethrog.” This is Rashi’s language. But these interpretations are merely Scriptural supports which our Rabbis taught as a basis for their tradition [that the reference here is to the ethrog]. And Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra wrote: “And they [i.e., the masters of tradition] have said the truth [that pri eitz hadar refers to the ethrog], for there is no fruit of the tree more beautiful (hadar) than the ethrog. The Rabbis’ interpreted that hadar means [the fruit] that ‘remains’ on its tree [from one year to another], but this is merely a Scriptural support for a matter of tradition.” The correct interpretation appears to me to be that the tree which is called in the Aramaic language ethrog, is called in the Sacred Tongue hadar, for the meaning of the word ethrog is “desirable,” as [Onkelos] rendered: ‘nechmad’ (pleasant) to the sight —” dimrageig to see; “‘lo thachmod’ (Thou shalt not covet) — “thou shalt not theirog.” And we also say: “from all the best, arag (most desirable) properties.” And the terms hadar and chemdah are alike in meaning [“desirable”]. Thus the tree and the fruit [ethrog] are both called by one name [as hadar in Aramaic is ethrog], for such is the customary usage of names for most fruits: t’einah [denotes both the fig tree and the fruit]; egoz (nut); rimon (pomegranate); zayith (olive) and other fruits [in all of which cases both the tree and its fruit have the same name], and similarly this tree and fruit are both called in Aramaic ethrog, and in the Sacred Tongue they are called hadar. In line with the plain meaning of Scripture the verse is stating that we should take for ourselves a pri eitz hadar [“the fruit of a tree called hadar” in Hebrew, which is called ethrog in Aramaic], and that we take branches of palm-trees, and one bough of thick trees [known as hadas, the myrtle], and one bough of the willows of the brook [known as aravah]. Thus [we are to take] one of each of the [four] species, for the [plural] expression branches of palm-trees is connected with And ye shall take you, which refers to many people [so that each person is to take only one of these branches], since the final decision of the law is like Rabbi Akiba who says: “Just as only one palm-branch is needed and only one ethrog, so also [we need only] one myrtle-branch and one willow-branch.” Therefore Onkelos translated all these four species in the plural [ethrogin, lulavin, etc.], since they are all connected with the [preceding] phrase And ye shall take you, which refers to many people. And in [explanation of] the reason for this commandment, by way of homiletic discourse, the Rabbis have said that these [four] species are used to obtain the favor of G-d that He may give water. And by way of the Truth, [the mystic teachings of the Cabala], ‘pri eitz hadar’ (the fruit of the goodly tree) is the fruit in which there is a great deal of desire, and the first man sinned with it, as it is said, And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat. Thus the sin consisted [of taking the ethrog] alone, and we obtain His favor [by means of the ethrog] together with the other species … From here you will understand and know that the ethrog is not bound up with the other three species, and yet it invalidates [the performance of the commandment] if it is not taken together with them, for it is comparable to Atzereth (the eighth day of Tabernacles) which is a festival of its own, and yet is supplementary to the first days. Thus they are one in potentiality but not in actuality. I have already explained the reason for this. Thus the meaning of the whole section is as follows: “Ye shall keep the feast of the Great Name for the seven days of creation, and join on to them the eighth day, Atzereth, similar to what is said, For the leader with strong-music on the ‘sheminith’ [literally: ‘the eighth’]. And also on those seven days ye shall take the fruit of the tree called ‘hadar’ [i.e., the ethrog] together with the palm-branch in union [with the myrtle-branch and the willow]. That is why He mentioned first the ethrog [for it is not tied together with the palm-branch, which is in union with the other two species, since the ethrog alludes to the eighth day of the festival which is a feast of its own], but on the eighth day it is not necessary [to take these four species], for it is itself hadar.” And this is the explanation of the verse, ‘v’chagothem’ (and ye shall keep it a feast) unto the Eternal seven days ‘in the year,’ meaning that you are to keep it seven days “with the year,” that is with the surrounding and circular movement [around the altar in procession with the four species], related to the expressions: ‘v’chug (and the circuit) of heaven; and he marketh it out ‘bam’chugah’ (with the compass), and so also: a multitude ‘chogeig’ (keeping holyday). Our Rabbis have already alluded to this secret. Thus they have said in Vayikra Rabbah: “Pri eitz hadar, this alludes to the Holy One, blessed be He, as it is said, Honor ‘v’hadar’ (and majesty) are before Him. Branches of palm-trees, this refers to the Holy One, blessed be He, as it is said, The Righteous shall flourish like the palm-tree. And boughs of thick trees [i.e., the myrtle-branch], this applies to the Holy One, blessed be He, as it is said, and He stood among the myrtle-trees that were in the bottom. ‘V’arvei’ (and willows of) the brook, this refers to the Holy One, blessed be He, as it is said, Extol Him that rideth ‘ba’aravoth’ (in the skies).” And in the Midrash of Rabbi Nechunya ben Hakanah it is stated: “What is meant by pri eitz hadar? It is as we translate it in Onkelos’ Targum: ‘fruits of the tree, ethrogin and lulavin.’ And what is hadar? It is ‘the majesty’ of all, which is ‘the majesty’ referred to in the Song of Songs, as it is said, Who is she that looketh forth as the dawn, etc.? And why is it called hadar? Read not hadar (majesty), but hador (‘who resides therein’), this being the ethrog which is separate from the group of the lulav [and myrtle-branch and willow], and yet the commandment of taking the lulav is not fulfilled without it [the ethrog]; and it is tied to all, since it is with each one, and all together they are combined as one. And what is the lulav? It is symbolic of the spinal cord. And boughs of thick trees, meaning a tree the branches of which cover its larger portion. This may be likened to a person who with his arms protects his head. Thus the bough is to the left, and the thickness to the right, and the tree in the middle. And why is it called eitz (tree)? Because it is the root of the tree. And what are ‘arvei nachal’ (willows of the brook)? They are so called on account of the name of the place wherein they are affixed, which is nachal (brook, river), as it is written, All the rivers run into the sea etc. And what is ‘the sea’? I must say that it alludes to the ethrog. And how do we know that each midah of all these seven is called nachal? Because it is said, and from Mattanah to Nachaliel. Read not Nachaliel [the name of a place], but nachalei E-il (the brooks of G-d) etc.” Now this Midrash [referring to “these seven”] is in accordance with the opinion of the Sage who holds that we are to take three myrtle-branches, two willows, one lulav, and one ethrog, which is the final decision of the law according to the words of the Gaonim and all Rishonim.