The work presents the commandment concerning the annulment of vows, outlining its biblical basis and selected legal parameters.
מִצְוַת דִּין הֲפָרַת נְדָרִים – שֶׁנִּצְטַוִּינוּ בְּמִצְוַת הֲפָרַת נְדָרִים. כְּלוֹמַר, שֶׁנָּדוּן בְּמִי שֶׁנָּדַר כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוְּתָה הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ל ג) אִישׁ כִּי יִדֹּר נֶדֶר וְגוֹ', כְּמוֹ שֶׁבָּא מְבֹאָר בַּפָּרָשָׁה. וְכָתַב הָרַמְבַּ"ם זִכְרוֹנוֹ לִבְרָכָה בְּמִצְוָה זוֹ (מצות עשה צה) וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנוֹ, וְאֵין הָעִנְיָן שֶׁנִּתְחַיֵּב לְהָפֵר עַל כָּל פָּנִים, וְזֶה הָעִנְיָן בְּעַצְמוֹ הָבֵן מִמֶּנִּי כָּל זְמַן שֶׁתִּשְׁמָעֵנִי מוֹנֶה דִּין אֶחָד מֵהַדִּינִין, שֶׁאֵין זוֹ מִצְוָה בִּפְעֻלָּה מֵהַפְּעֻלּוֹת בְּהֶכְרֵחַ, וְאוּלָם הַמִּצְוָה הִיא בִּהְיוֹתֵנוּ מְצֻוִּין שֶׁנָּדוּן בְּדִין זֶה בְּדָבָר זֶה, אוּלָם הֱיוֹת הַבַּעַל וְהָאָב מְפֵרִין כְּבָר בֵּאֵר הַכָּתוּב זֶה, וְדִקְדֵּק בּוֹ, וּבָאַתְנוּ הַקַּבָּלָה, שֶׁהֶחָכָם יַתִּיר הַנֶּדֶר לַכֹּל, וּכְמוֹ כֵן הַשְּׁבוּעָה, וְהַהֶעָרָה עַל זֶה מַאֲמָרוֹ לֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ, וְדָרְשׁוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (חגיגה י א) הוּא אֵינוֹ מוֹחֵל אֲבָל אֲחֵרִים מוֹחֲלִין לוֹ, וְהַכְּלָל, שֶׁאֵין רְאָיָה עַל זֶה מִן הַכָּתוּב, וְהֵם עֲלֵיהֶם הַשָּׁלוֹם כְּבָר אָמְרוּ (שם) הֶתֵּר נְדָרִים פּוֹרְחִין בָּאֲוִיר וְאֵין לָהֶם עַל מָה שֶׁיִּסְמֹכוּ, אֶלָּא הַקַּבָּלָה הָאֲמִתִּית לְבַדָּהּ, עַד כָּאן. וְהָעוֹלֶה מִכָּל זֶה לְדַעְתּוֹ לְפִי הַדּוֹמֶה, כִּי בְּהַתִּיר הֶחָכָם הַמֻּמְחֶה אֶת הַנֶּדֶר בְּמִצְוַת הַתּוֹרָה, אוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה הֶדְיוֹטוֹת, וְיַעֲשׂוּ הָעִנְיָן כְּכָל אֲשֶׁר תְּצַוֶּה הַתּוֹרָה עָלָיו כַּהֹגֶן וְכַיָּשָׁר אָז קִיְּמוּ עֲשֵׂה, וְאִם הִתִּירוּ הַנֶּדֶר שֶׁלֹּא כְּמִצְוַת הַתּוֹרָה, כְּגוֹן שְׁנֵי הֶדְיוֹטוֹת אוֹ יָחִיד שֶׁאֵינוֹ מֻמְחֶה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֶתֵּרָם אֵינוֹ הֶתֵּר יֵשׁ עֲלֵיהֶם עֹנֶשׁ בִּטּוּל עֲשֵׂה זֶה, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַבְתִּי לְמַעְלָה בְּעִנְיַן מִצְוַת הַנְּחָלוֹת (מצוה ת), שֶׁהָאוֹמֵר וּמְצַוֶּה אַל יִירָשֵׁנִי בְּנִי, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁדְּבָרָיו בְּטֵלִים יֵשׁ עָלָיו עֹנֶשׁ בִּטּוּל הַמִּצְוָה, דְּעָבַר אַהַרְמָנָא דְּמַלְכָּא שֶׁצִּוָּה אוֹתָנוּ בַּדִּין הַיְּרֻשָּׁה. וְאוּלָם הָרַמְבַּ"ן זִכְרוֹנוֹ לִבְרָכָה כָּתַב (בהשגותיו לסהמ"צ שם), שֶׁאֵין לִמְנוֹת דִּין זֶה כְּלָל מֵחֶשְׁבּוֹן הַמִּצְוֹת, וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנוֹ, וְכֵן יֵרָאֶה שֶׁהֲפָרַת נְדָרִים לֹא תִּמָּנֶה, לְפִי שֶׁהִיא שְׁלִילוּת, שֶׁנִּצְטַוִּינוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּל הַיּוֹצֵא מִפִּינוּ וְשֶׁלֹּא נַחֵל דְּבָרֵינוּ, רַק עַל פִּי הָאָב אוֹ הַבַּעַל, עַד כָּאן. וְדִבְרֵי פִי חָכָם חֵן. מִדִּינֵי הַמִּצְוָה. מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (נדרים ב, א) כָּל כִּנּוּיֵי נְדָרִים כִּנְדָרִים, חֲרָמִים כַּחֲרָמִים, שְׁבוּעוֹת כִּשְׁבוּעוֹת, נְזִירוּת כִּנְזִירוּת, כְּגוֹן (שם י, א) הָאוֹמֵר קוֹנָם, קוֹנָח, קוֹנָס, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּנּוּיִין לְקָרְבָּן. חֵרֶק, חֵרֶךְ, חֵרֶף, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּנּוּיִין לְחֵרֶם. נָזִיק, נָזִיחַ, פָּזִיחַ, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּנּוּיִין לִנְזִירוּת. שְׁבוּתָה, שְׁקוּקָה, נָדַר בְּ"מוֹהָא" הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּנּוּיִין לַשְּׁבוּעָה. וְעִנְיַן לְשׁוֹנוֹת אֵלּוּ, שֶׁאָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁהֵם נִדּוֹנִין כְּאִלּוּ הוֹצִיא הָאָדָם בִּשְׂפָתָיו הַלָּשׁוֹן כְּתִקְנוֹ, וְלֹא נָחוּשׁ לְמָה שֶׁאָנוּ מַצְרִיכִין פִּיו וְלִבּוֹ שָׁוִין, וַהֲרֵי לֹא הוֹצִיא הַדָּבָר כְּתִקְנוֹ מִפִּיו, הַטַּעַם מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בִּלְשׁוֹנוֹת אֵלּוּ מַשְׁמָעוּת הָעִנְיָן שֶׁכָּל הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ יִגְזֹר עָלָיו שֶׁזֹּאת כַּוָּנַת הַנִּשְׁבָּע אוֹ הַנּוֹדֵר, וְאַחַר שֶׁכֵּן הוּא הֲרֵי הוּא כְּאִלּוּ אָמַר הַדָּבָר מְבֹאָר כְּתִקְנוֹ, שֶׁאִם לֹא תֹּאמַר כֵּן נִמְצָא שֶׁאֵין בָּעִלְּגִים נֶדֶר וּשְׁבוּעָה לְעוֹלָם (עי' רמב"ם נדרים א טז), וְזֶה אֵינוֹ בֶּאֱמֶת.
The commandment of the law of the abrogation of vows: That we were commanded in the abrogation of vows, meaning to say that we deliberate about someone who has made a vow, according to what the Torah commanded — as it is stated (Numbers 30:3), “If a man makes a vow, etc.,” as it comes explained in [this] section of the Torah. And Rambam, may his memory be blessed, wrote (Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 95) and this is his language: “And the matter is not that we are obligated to annul regardless. And this matter itself understand from me — when you hear me counting a law from the laws, it is not [always] that it is a commandment to perform a certain action perforce, but rather the commandment is in our being commanded that we deliberate on the law about this thing. While Scripture has already elucidated and been exacting that a husband and a father can annul [a vow of their wife or daughter], it is the transmission that brought to us that a sage can annul [it] for all, and so too, an oath. And the indication of this is its statement (Numbers 30:3), ‘he shall not profane his word’ — and they, may their memory be blessed, expounded (Chagigah 10a), ‘He does not pardon [it], but others may pardon it.’ And the general principle is that there is no proof to this from Scripture. And they, may their memory be blessed, already said (Chagigah 10a), ‘Annulment of vows flies in the air and has nothing to support it,’ except for the truthful transmission only.” To here [are his words]. And what apparently comes out of all of this according to his opinion is that in the annulment by an expert sage or three ordinary men of a vow by the commandment of the Torah, and their doing the matter like all that the Torah commands about it — like is proper and like is straight — they will have then fulfilled a positive commandment. But if they annulled the vow not like the commandment of the Torah — for example, [by] two ordinary men or an individual who is not an expert — the punishment for the violation of this positive commandment will be upon them; even though their annulment is not an [effective] annulment. And [it is] like I wrote above regarding the matter of the commandment of inheritances (Sefer HaChinukh 400), that one who says and commands, “My son shall not inherit me” will have the punishment of the violation of the positive commandment upon him, even though his words are void; as he has transgressed the decree of the King that commanded us about the laws of inheritance. However, Ramban, may his memory be blessed, wrote (in his glosses on the Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandments 95) that the law should not be counted at all in the tally of the commandments, since it is [just the] negation [of a commandment]. As we were commanded to do everything that comes out of our mouth and that we not profane our words, only according to the father or the husband. To here [are his words]. And “the words of the wise are grace.” From the laws of the commandment are that which they, may their memory be blessed, said (Nedarim 2a), “All substitutes for [the expression for] vows are like vows, [substitutes for] dedications are like dedications, [substitutes for] oaths are like oaths, and [substitutes for] nazirite vows are like nazirite vows.” [This is such that] (Nedarim 10a), “one who says [that a certain object is] konam, konach or konas, behold, these are substitutes for sacrifice (korban); cherek, cherekh or cheref, behold, these are substitutes for dedication (cherem) [to the Temple treasury]; nazik, naziach or paziach, behold, these are substitutes for naziriteness (nazir); shevutah, shekukah or [if] he vows with [the term,] mohi, behold, these are substitutes for oath (shevuah).” And the reason for the matter of these expressions that the Sages said are judged as if a man brought them out of his lips with the proper expression and [that] we do not concern ourselves to require that his mouth and heart be the same — as behold, he did not bring the proper expression from his mouth — is because these expressions imply the matter. Since anyone who hears would decide about it that this is the intention of the one making an oath or vowing. And since it is like this, behold, it is as if he said the thing clearly and properly. As if you don’t say like this, it comes out that there would never be vows or oaths from those with speech impediments. (See Mishneh Torah, Laws of Vows 1:16.) And in truth, this is not [the case].