Machshavaמחשבה

Demons in Jewish Thought and Tradition

Jewish sources offer competing perspectives on the reality and nature of demons. Biblical and rabbinic texts reference שדים (shedim) in contexts of pagan worship and supernatural encounters, while medieval Jewish philosophers—particularly Rambam—reject demons as operative spiritual entities, treating belief in them as superstition. Later sources address the legal and practical implications of demonological claims without settling the underlying metaphysical question.

דברים הללו כלן דברי שקר וכזב הן

35 sources · 29 verified

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What the sources say

The Gemara in Berakhot 6a:2-4 speaks of demons as a real, pervasive population surrounding human beings — thousands to each side — whose presence would overwhelm a person if the eye could perceive them, invoking Tehillim 91:7 as the verse that shields man from this unseen multitude.

Chagigah 16a:5-7 gives demons a defined ontological status partway between angels and humans: like angels they have wings, traverse the world instantly, and overhear the future from behind the heavenly curtain, yet like humans they eat, reproduce, and die — a hybrid nature rather than mere metaphor.

Several aggadic passages trace demonic origins to specific historical events: Sanhedrin 109a:5 attributes the creation of demons and female demons to the generation that built the Tower of Bavel to wage war in heaven, while Eruvin 18b:10-12 records that Adam himself, during the years he was under ostracism following the sin of the Tree of Knowledge, fathered spirits, demons, and female demons, drawing this from the gap in Bereishit 5:3 before he begot a son in his own image.

The Torah and Nevi'im themselves use the term shedim for the objects of idolatrous sacrifice, as in Devarim 32:17 and Tehillim 106:37, and Yeshayahu 13:21 describes se'irim dancing in a desolate ruin, a verse that Rashi (Devarim 32:17) links lexically to se'irim as demons in his second explanation of the word שערום, showing that the rabbinic conception has roots in the pesukim themselves; the Ramban (Devarim 32:17) notes only that he has already explained this term elsewhere.

Halachic and philosophical sources treat demons as functioning agents within creation rather than mere folklore: Sanhedrin 65a:17-18 discusses one who burns incense to a demon as a capital offense tied to idolatry, Sanhedrin 65b:14-15 describes necromancy as a spirit of impurity settling on a person who starves himself in a graveyard, and Pesachim 110a-112b and Gittin 68b-69a narrate direct interactions between Sages like Rav Yosef and Shlomo HaMelech with named demons such as Yosef Sheida and Ashmedai, king of the demons.

Later mystical and philosophical works develop the nature of demons further: Nefesh HaChayim, Gate III 12:1-3 ties sorcery and the demonic realm to the powers of the impure Merkavah which the Sanhedrin needed to know in order to judge such cases, Recanati on the Torah, Achrei Mot:20 cites rabbinic sources suggesting demons have no physical body at all but are forces emanating from the attribute of judgment, and Gur Aryeh on Bamidbar 23:22 explains that demons partake of both earthly and heavenly qualities, reaching from the ground to the sky. Sulam on Zohar, Pinchas 763 further distinguishes between Jewish demons bound to the name Shaddai and demons of impurity associated with idolatry, while Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 24:3-5 frames the kelipah and its evil emissaries as fully subordinate to God's will, unable to act except by His commission.

Bereishit 6:1-4 and Rashi (Bereishit 6:19), who reads 'all living things' brought into the ark as including demons, extend the scope of these beings into the primordial narrative, while Midrash Tanchuma, Vayeshev 4:1 parallels this by describing the angel of death as fashioned on the first day of creation, showing that non-human spiritual agents are woven into the earliest layers of creation accounts.

Sefer HaIkkarim, Maamar 4 30:3-4 argues on philosophical grounds that since God's creation is maximally complete, every logically possible category of being must exist, including intermediate classes between corporeal and incorporeal existence, which supports a framework in which non-physical rational beings such as angels and demons are not merely imaginative but ontologically necessary.

Halachic codifiers treat engagement with demons as forbidden rather than theoretical: Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 179:16 prohibits demonic practices while recording a dissenting view permitting inquiry of demons about stolen property, and the Rema adds that forcing them to swear by Divine Names is permitted by some, though most who engage in this do not escape unharmed; Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 116:1-2 separately notes that uncovered liquids were forbidden by the Sages out of concern that a snake drank from them, a concern no longer operative since snakes are not common among us; and Shabbat 67b:1 discusses an incantation invoking 'Gad' as partaking of the ways of the Amorite, which Rabbi Yehuda identifies as a name of idolatry.

Among later readers of these sugyot, Valle on Bereishis 6 explains that certain shedim could coexist peacefully with humans and even entered the ark in companionship, despite their generally hostile nature, and Chiddushei Aggadot, Sanhedrin 65 distinguishes a righteous person who may receive a spirit of purity and closeness to God from sorcerers and magicians who operate through demons; Chiddushei Aggadot, Gittin 68 further contrasts angels appointed to sustain the world's governance with shedim, who damage and harm it.

A modern treatment, Rav Eliezer Melamed (Peninei Halakhah, Women's Prayer 5:3), records a competing view among later authorities that the ru'ach ra'ah discussed in the Talmud has effectively ceased to operate in later generations and in other lands, citing Tosafot, the Lechem Mishneh on the Rambam, and the Maharshal, alongside the understanding that spiritual and mystical forces were more pronounced in earlier generations than today.

Be'er Moshe (Be'er Moshe 5:1) addresses creatures associated with a 'bad spirit' found in the synagogue, directing the reader to further discussions of the matter in other cited works.

Igros Moshe (Igros Moshe YD 4:13) draws a distinction between supernatural phenomena produced through sorcery that involves impure names and demons, and other supernatural matters that involve ordinary words and actions unrelated to sorcery.

Tzitz Eliezer (Tzitz Eliezer 13:55) cites a Gemara in Avodah Zarah regarding suffering sent upon a person being adjured not to pass through a particular person or by means of a particular substance.

Source 1 · Tanach
Verified

Deuteronomy 32:17

דברים ל״ב:י״ז

Deuteronomy 32:17

The verse says Israel sacrificed to שדים, beings identified in the biblical context as powers or gods unknown to Israel’s God. It is the clearest biblical occurrence of the term shedim.

יִזְבְּח֗וּ לַשֵּׁדִים֙ לֹ֣א אֱלֹ֔הַּ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֹ֣א יְדָע֑וּם        חֲדָשִׁים֙ מִקָּרֹ֣ב בָּ֔אוּ לֹ֥א שְׂעָר֖וּם אֲבֹתֵיכֶֽם׃

They sacrificed to demons, no-gods, Gods they had never known, New ones, who came but lately, Who stirred not your forebears’ fears.

Source 2 · Tanach
Verified

Psalms 106:37

תהילים ק״ו:ל״ז

Psalms 106:37

The psalm describes sacrifice to שדים, presenting them as real objects of pagan worship, though it does not systematically define their nature.

וַיִּזְבְּח֣וּ אֶת־בְּ֭נֵיהֶם וְאֶת־בְּנוֹתֵיהֶ֗ם לַשֵּׁדִֽים׃

Their own sons and daughters they sacrificed to demons.

Source 3 · Tanach
Verified

Isaiah 13:21

ישעיהו י״ג:כ״א

Isaiah 13:21

The desolation oracle mentions שדים among the creatures inhabiting ruined Babylon. The passage is compatible with demonological interpretation, although the term may also denote wilderness spirits or uncanny beings.

וְרָבְצוּ־שָׁ֣ם צִיִּ֔ים וּמָלְא֥וּ בָתֵּיהֶ֖ם אֹחִ֑ים וְשָׁ֤כְנוּ שָׁם֙ בְּנ֣וֹת יַעֲנָ֔ה וּשְׂעִירִ֖ים יְרַקְּדוּ־שָֽׁם׃

But beasts shall lie down there, And the houses be filled with owls; There shall ostriches make their home, And there shall satyrs dance.

Source 4 · Tanach
Verified

Genesis 6:1-4

בראשית ו׳:א׳-ד׳

Genesis 6:1-4

The enigmatic בני האלהים and their offspring, the Nephilim, have been read in some Jewish traditions as superhuman or nonhuman beings, though the text itself does not explicitly call them demons.

וַיִּרְא֤וּ בְנֵי־הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת־בְּנ֣וֹת הָֽאָדָ֔ם כִּ֥י טֹבֹ֖ת הֵ֑נָּה וַיִּקְח֤וּ לָהֶם֙ נָשִׁ֔ים מִכֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּחָֽרוּ׃ הַנְּפִלִ֞ים הָי֣וּ בָאָ֘רֶץ֮ בַּיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵם֒ וְגַ֣ם אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָבֹ֜אוּ בְּנֵ֤י הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל־בְּנ֣וֹת הָֽאָדָ֔ם וְיָלְד֖וּ לָהֶ֑ם הֵ֧מָּה הַגִּבֹּרִ֛ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר מֵעוֹלָ֖ם אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַשֵּֽׁם׃ {פ}

the divine beings saw how pleasing the human women were and took wives from among those who delighted them.— It was then, and later too, that the Nephilim appeared on earth—when divine beings cohabited with the human women, who bore them offspring. Such were the heroes of old, the men of renown.

Source 5 · Chazal
Verified

recovered from “Talmud Bavli, Berakhot 6a”

Berakhot

ברכות ו׳ א — ד"ה תַּנְיָא

Berakhot 6a:2-4

The passage describes demons (mazzikim) as numerous spiritual entities that surround humans, causing various troubles, and provides methods for perceiving and controlling them, while also discussing the power of prayer in synagogues.

תַּנְיָא, אַבָּא בִּנְיָמִין אוֹמֵר: אִלְמָלֵי נִתְּנָה רְשׁוּת לָעַיִן לִרְאוֹת — אֵין כׇּל בְּרִיָּה יְכוֹלָה לַעֲמוֹד מִפְּנֵי הַמַּזִּיקִין. אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: אִינְהוּ נְפִישִׁי מִינַּן, וְקָיְימִי עֲלַן כִּי כִּסְלָא לְאוּגְיָא. אָמַר רַב הוּנָא: כֹּל חַד וְחַד מִינַּן, אַלְפָא מִשְּׂמָאלֵיהּ וּרְבַבְתָּא מִיַּמִּינֵיהּ.

In another baraita it was taught that Abba Binyamin says: If the eye was given permission to see, no creature would be able to withstand the abundance and ubiquity of the demons and continue to live unaffected by them. Similarly, Abaye said: They are more numerous than we are and they stand over us like mounds of earth surrounding a pit. Rav Huna said: Each and every one of us has a thousand demons to his left and ten thousand to his right. God protects man from these demons, as it says in the verse: “A thousand may fall at your side, and ten thousand at your right hand; they will not approach you” (Psalms 91:7).

Source 6 · Chazal
Verified

recovered from “Talmud Bavli, Chagigah 16a”

Chagigah

חגיגה ט״ז א — ד"ה תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן

Chagigah 16a:5-7

The passage describes six characteristics of demons: three that resemble divine servants (having wings, flying across the world, and hearing behind the heavenly curtain) and three that resemble humans (eating, drinking, procreating, and dying), and then contrasts this with six characteristics of humans, three angelic and three animal-like.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן, שִׁשָּׁה דְּבָרִים נֶאֶמְרוּ בַּשֵּׁדִים: שְׁלֹשָׁה כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, וּשְׁלֹשָׁה כִּבְנֵי אָדָם. שְׁלֹשָׁה כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת — יֵשׁ לָהֶם כְּנָפַיִם כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, וְטָסִין מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, וְיוֹדְעִין מַה שֶּׁעָתִיד לִהְיוֹת כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת. יוֹדְעִין סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ?! אֶלָּא, שׁוֹמְעִין מֵאֲחוֹרֵי הַפַּרְגּוֹד, כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת. וּשְׁלֹשָׁה כִּבְנֵי אָדָם — אוֹכְלִין וְשׁוֹתִין כִּבְנֵי אָדָם, פָּרִין וְרָבִין כִּבְנֵי אָדָם, וּמֵתִים כִּבְנֵי אָדָם.

§ The Gemara returns to discussing the heavenly beings. The Sages taught: Six statements were said with regard to demons: In three ways they are like ministering angels, and in three ways they are like humans. The baraita specifies: In three ways they are like ministering angels: They have wings like ministering angels; and they fly from one end of the world to the other like ministering angels; and they know what will be in the future like ministering angels. The Gemara is puzzled by this last statement: Should it enter your mind that they know this? Not even the angels are privy to the future. Rather, they hear from behind the curtain when God reveals something of the future, like ministering angels. And in three ways they are similar to humans: They eat and drink like humans; they multiply like humans; and they die like humans.

Source 7 · Chazal
Verified

recovered from “Talmud Bavli, Sanhedrin 109a”

Sanhedrin

סנהדרין ק״ט א — ד"ה (אֶלָּא) אָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בַּר אֶלְעָזָר:

Sanhedrin 109a:5

The passage describes how people from the generation of the Tower of Babel split into three groups with different intentions, and states that one group became demons, spirits, and night creatures as a result of their plan to wage war.

(אֶלָּא) אָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בַּר אֶלְעָזָר: נֶחְלְקוּ לְשָׁלֹשׁ כִּיתּוֹת, אַחַת אוֹמֶרֶת: נַעֲלֶה וְנֵשֵׁב שָׁם, וְאַחַת אוֹמֶרֶת: נַעֲלֶה וְנַעֲבוֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְאַחַת אוֹמֶרֶת: נַעֲלֶה וְנַעֲשֶׂה מִלְחָמָה. זוֹ שֶׁאוֹמֶרֶת נַעֲלֶה וְנֵשֵׁב שָׁם – ״הֱפִיצָם ה׳״, וְזוֹ שֶׁאוֹמֶרֶת נַעֲלֶה וְנַעֲשֶׂה מִלְחָמָה – נַעֲשׂוּ קוֹפִים וְרוּחוֹת וְשֵׁידִים וְלִילִין, וְזוֹ שֶׁאוֹמֶרֶת נַעֲלֶה וְנַעֲבוֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה – ״כִּי שָׁם בָּלַל ה׳ שְׂפַת כׇּל הָאָרֶץ״.

Rather, Rabbi Yirmeya bar Elazar says: They divided into three factions; one said: Let us ascend to the top of the tower and dwell there. And one said: Let us ascend to the top of the tower and engage in idol worship. And one said: Let us ascend to the top of the tower and wage war. With regard to that faction that said: Let us ascend to the top of the tower and dwell there, God dispersed them. And that faction that said: Let us ascend to the top of the tower and wage war, became apes, and spirits, and demons, and female demons. And with regard to that faction that said: Let us ascend to the top of the tower and engage in idol worship, it is written: “Because there the Lord confounded the language of all the earth” (Genesis 11:9).

Source 8 · Chazal
Verified

recovered from “Talmud Bavli, Eruvin 18b”

Eruvin

עירובין י״ח ב — ד"ה וְאָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר

Eruvin 18b:10-12

The passage discusses proper conduct regarding women, including regulations about physical proximity between men and women, warnings against inappropriate contact, and teachings about following women's advice rather than literally walking behind them.

וְאָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר: כָּל אוֹתָן הַשָּׁנִים שֶׁהָיָה אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן בְּנִידּוּי, הוֹלִיד רוּחִין וְשֵׁידִין וְלִילִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיְחִי אָדָם שְׁלֹשִׁים וּמְאַת שָׁנָה וַיּוֹלֶד בִּדְמוּתוֹ כְּצַלְמוֹ״, מִכְּלָל דְּעַד הָאִידָּנָא לָאו כְּצַלְמוֹ אוֹלֵיד. מֵיתִיבִי, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן חָסִיד גָּדוֹל הָיָה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה שֶׁנִּקְנְסָה מִיתָה עַל יָדוֹ, יָשַׁב בְּתַעֲנִית מֵאָה שְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָה, וּפֵירַשׁ מִן הָאִשָּׁה מֵאָה שְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָה, וְהֶעֱלָה זִרְזֵי תְּאֵנִים עַל בְּשָׂרוֹ מֵאָה שְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָה. כִּי קָאָמְרִינַן הָהוּא, בְּשִׁכְבַת זֶרַע דַּחֲזָא לְאוּנְסֵיהּ.

Having cited an aggadic statement of Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar, the Gemara cites other statements of his: Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar said: All those years during which Adam was ostracized for the sin involving the Tree of Knowledge, he bore spirits, demons, and female demons, as it is stated: “And Adam lived a hundred and thirty years, and begot a son in his own likeness, after his image, and called his name Seth” (Genesis 5:3). By inference, until now, the age of one hundred thirty, he did not bear after his image, but rather bore other creatures. The Gemara raises an objection from a baraita: Rabbi Meir would say: Adam the first man was very pious. When he saw that death was imposed as a punishment because of him, he observed a fast for a hundred thirty years, and he separated from his wife for a hundred thirty years, and wore belts [zarzei] of fig leaves on his body as his only garment for a hundred thirty years. If so, how did he father demons into the world? The Gemara answers: When Rabbi Yirmeya made his statement, he meant that those destructive creatures were formed from the semen that Adam accidentally emitted, which brought the destructive creatures into being.

Source 9 · Chazal
Verified

recovered from “Talmud Bavli, Gittin 68b-69a”

Gittin 68b-69a

גיטין ס״ח ב-ס״ט א

Gittin 68b-69a

The passage describes a man who possessed knowledge of demons and magical practices, and when brought before Solomon, he revealed that a demon could only be controlled through a wild rooster that had been sworn an oath, which the demon then used to move stones and settle uninhabited mountains.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָא קָא בָעֵינָא מִינָּךְ מִידֵּי; בָּעֵינָא דְּאֶיבְנְיֵיהּ לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְקָא מִיבְּעֵי לִי שָׁמִירָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לְדִידִי לָא מְסִיר לִי, לְשָׂרָא דְיַמָּא מָסֵיר לֵיהּ; וְלָא יָהֵיב לֵיהּ אֶלָּא לְתַרְנְגוֹלָא בָּרָא, דִּמְהֵימַן לֵיהּ אַשְּׁבוּעֲתֵיהּ. וּמַאי עָבֵד בֵּיהּ? מַמְטֵי לֵיהּ לְטוּרֵי דְּלֵית בְּהוּ יִשּׁוּב, וּמַנַּח לֵהּ אַשִּׁינָּא דְטוּרָא, וּפָקַע טוּרָא; וּמְנַקֵּיט מַיְיתִי בִּיזְרָנֵי מֵאִילָנֵי, וְשָׁדֵי הָתָם, וְהָוֵי יִשּׁוּב. וְהַיְינוּ דִּמְתַרְגְּמִינַן: ״נַגָּר טוּרָא״. תַּרְחֵיהּ גַּבֵּיהּ עַד דְּבַנְיֵיהּ לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. יוֹמָא חַד הֲוָה קָאֵי לְחוֹדֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כְּתִיב: ״כְּתוֹעֲפוֹת רְאֵם לוֹ״; וְאָמְרִינַן: ״כְּתוֹעֲפוֹת״ – אֵלּוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, ״רְאֵם״ – אֵלּוּ הַשֵּׁדִים. מַאי רְבוּתַיְיכוּ מִינַּן?

Solomon said to him: I need nothing from you. I want to build the Temple and I need the shamir for this. Ashmedai said to him: The shamir was not given to me, but it was given to the angelic minister of the sea. And he gives it only to the wild rooster, also known as the dukhifat or the hoopoe, whom he trusts by the force of his oath to return it. And what does the wild rooster do with it? He brings it to mountains that are not fit for habitation, and he places the shamir on the craggy rock and the mountain splits. And he takes and brings seeds of trees, throws them there, and it becomes fit for habitation. And this is why we interpret the word dukhifat as a cutter of mountains [naggar tura], i.e., the Aramaic translation of the word dukhifat in the Bible is naggar tura, cutter of mountains. Solomon kept Ashmedai with him until he completed building the Temple. One day he stood with Ashmedai alone. He said to Ashmedai: It is written: “For him like the lofty horns of the wild ox” (Numbers 24:8), and the Sages say in explanation of the verse: “Like the lofty horns”; these are the ministering angels. “The wild ox”; these are the demons. In what way are you greater than us? Why does the verse praise your abilities and powers over those of human beings?

Source 10 · Chazal
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Sanhedrin 65a

סנהדרין ס״ה א — ד"ה אֶלָּא אָמַר עוּלָּא

Sanhedrin 65a:17-18

Chachmei Bavel distinguish between burning incense to a demon as idol worship and burning incense to gather demons through sorcery, stating that the latter is classified as a necromancer or charmer and is punishable by stoning and karet.

אֶלָּא אָמַר עוּלָּא: בִּמְקַטֵּר לַשֵּׁד. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא: מְקַטֵּר לַשֵּׁד – עוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה הוּא! אֶלָּא, אָמַר רָבָא: בִּמְקַטֵּר לְחַבָּר. אִין, וְהַתּוֹרָה אָמְרָה: חוֹבֵר זֶה בִּסְקִילָה.

Rather, Ulla says: The reason the Rabbis do not state: Excluding a blasphemer and a necromancer, is that when the mishna there lists the case of a necromancer it is referring to one who burns incense to a demon in order to raise the dead, which is a significant action. Rava said to Ulla: One who burns incense to a demon is an idol worshipper, which is already mentioned in the mishna in Karetot. Rather, Rava says: The mishna there is referring to one who burns incense to the demons not as a form of worship but as a manner of sorcery, in order to gather the demons, i.e., to bring them to one place. Rava responded: Yes, such a person is also considered a charmer, but the Torah states that this particular charmer, who gathers demons, is included in the category of a necromancer, and therefore he is executed by stoning, and karet applies as well.

Source 11 · Chazal
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Sanhedrin 65b

סנהדרין ס״ה ב — ד"ה דּוֹרֵשׁ לַמֵּתִים

Sanhedrin 65b:14-15

Chachmei Bavel describe consulting the dead as fasting and sleeping overnight in a graveyard so that a spirit of impurity settles upon the person, and Rabbi Akiva infers that fasting for a spirit of purity would likewise succeed, though Israel’s sins prevent attaining such purity.

דּוֹרֵשׁ לַמֵּתִים, כִּדְתַנְיָא: ״וְדֹרֵשׁ אֶל הַמֵּתִים״ – זֶה הַמַּרְעִיב עַצְמוֹ וְהוֹלֵךְ וְלָן בְּבֵית הַקְּבָרוֹת, כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּשְׁרֶה עָלָיו רוּחַ טוּמְאָה. וּכְשֶׁהָיָה רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מַגִּיעַ לְמִקְרָא זֶה הָיָה בּוֹכֶה, וּמָה הַמַּרְעִיב עַצְמוֹ כְּדַי שֶׁתִּשְׁרֶה עָלָיו רוּחַ טוּמְאָה – שׁוֹרָה עָלָיו רוּחַ טוּמְאָה, הַמַּרְעִיב עַצְמוֹ כְּדַי שֶׁתִּשְׁרֶה עָלָיו רוּחַ טׇהֳרָה – עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. אֲבָל מָה אֶעֱשֶׂה שֶׁעֲוֹנוֹתֵינוּ גָּרְמוּ לָנוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי [אִם] עֲוֹנוֹתֵיכֶם הָיוּ מַבְדִּלִים בֵּינֵיכֶם לְבֵין אֱלֹהֵיכֶם״.

The Gemara answers: One who directs inquiries to the dead employs a different method to contact the dead, as it is taught in a baraita: “Or directs inquiries to the dead”; this is one who starves himself and goes and sleeps overnight in a graveyard so that a spirit of impurity should settle upon him, and he can listen to what the dead are saying. And when Rabbi Akiva would arrive at this verse he would weep and say: If one who starves himself so that a spirit of impurity will settle upon him succeeds in doing so, and a spirit of impurity settles upon him, all the more so one who starves himself so that a spirit of purity will settle upon him should be successful, and a spirit of purity should settle upon him. But what can I do, as our iniquities have caused us not to merit the spirit of sanctity and purity, as it is stated: “But your iniquities have separated between you and your God, and your sins have hid His face from you, that He will not hear” (Isaiah 59:2).

Source 12 · Chazal
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recovered from “Talmud Bavli, Pesachim 110a-112b”

Pesachim 110a-112b

פסחים ק״י-קי״ב

Pesachim 110a-112b

The passage discusses halakhic rules about drinking wine, including prohibitions against drinking double portions and the dangers of weakening oneself, with various sages offering different interpretations and practical applications regarding the number of cups of wine in different contexts.

אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף, אָמַר לִי יוֹסֵף שֵׁידָא: אַשְׁמְדַאי מַלְכָּא דְשֵׁידֵי — מְמוּנֶּה הוּא אַכּוּלְּהוּ זוּגֵי, וּמַלְכָּא לָא אִיקְּרִי מַזִּיק. אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי לַהּ לְהַאי גִּיסָא: אַדְּרַבָּה, מַלְכָּא [רַתְחָנָא הוּא], מַאי דְּבָעֵי עָבֵיד, שֶׁהַמֶּלֶךְ פּוֹרֵץ גָּדֵר לַעֲשׂוֹת לוֹ דֶּרֶךְ וְאֵין מוֹחִין בְּיָדוֹ. אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא, אָמַר לִי יוֹסֵף שֵׁידָא: בִּתְרֵי קָטְלִינַן, בְּאַרְבְּעָה לָא קָטְלִינַן, בְּאַרְבְּעָה מַזְּקִינַן. בִּתְרֵי, בֵּין בְּשׁוֹגֵג בֵּין בְּמֵזִיד. בְּאַרְבְּעָה, בְּמֵזִיד — אִין, בְּשׁוֹגֵג — לָא. וְאִי אִישְׁתְּלִי וְאִיקְּרִי וּנְפַק, מַאי תַּקַּנְתֵּיהּ? לִינְקוֹט זַקְפָּא דִידֵיהּ דְּיַמִּינֵיהּ בִּידָא דִשְׂמָאלֵיהּ וְזַקְפָּא דִשְׂמָאלֵיהּ בִּידָא דְיַמִּינֵיהּ, וְנֵימָא הָכִי: ״אַתּוּן וַאֲנָא — הָא תְּלָתָא״. וְאִי שְׁמִיעַ לֵיהּ דְּאָמַר: ״אַתּוּן וַאֲנָא — הָא אַרְבְּעָה״, נֵימָא לֵיהּ: ״אַתּוּן וַאֲנָא — הָא חַמְשָׁה״. וְאִי שְׁמִיעַ לֵיהּ דְּאָמַר: ״אַתּוּן וַאֲנָא — הָא שִׁיתָּא״, נֵימָא לֵיהּ: ״אַתּוּן וַאֲנָא — הָא שִׁבְעָה״. הֲוָה עוֹבָדָא עַד מְאָה וְחַד, וּפְקַע שֵׁידָא.

Rav Yosef said: Yosef the Demon said to me: Ashmedai, the king of the demons, is appointed over all who perform actions in pairs, and a king is not called a harmful spirit. A king would not cause harm. Consequently, there is no reason to fear the harm of demons for having performed an action in pairs. Some say this statement in this manner: On the contrary, he is an angry king who does what he wants, as the halakha is that a king may breach the fence of an individual in order to form a path for himself, and none may protest his action. Similarly, the king of demons has full license to harm people who perform actions in pairs. Rav Pappa said: Yosef the Demon said to me: If one drinks two cups, we demons kill him; if he drinks four, we do not kill him. But this person who drank four, we harm him. There is another difference between two and four: With regard to one who drinks two, whether he did so unwittingly or intentionally, we harm him. With regard to one who drinks four, if he does so intentionally, yes, he is harmed; if he does so unwittingly, no, he will not be harmed. The Gemara asks: And if one forgets and it happens that he goes outside after having drunk an even number of cups, what is his solution? The Gemara answers: He should take his right thumb in his left hand, and his left thumb in his right hand, and say as follows: You, my thumbs, and I are three, which is not a pair. And if he hears a voice that says: You and I are four, which makes a pair, he should say to it: You and I are five. And if he hears it say: You and I are six, he should say to it: You and I are seven. The Gemara relates that there was an incident in which someone kept counting after the demon until he reached a hundred and one, and the demon burst in anger.

Source 13 · Chazal
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Midrash Tanchuma, Vayeshev 4

מדרש תנחומא, וישב ד׳:א׳ — ד"ה ‎וְיוֹסֵף הוּרַד מִצְרָיְמָה

Midrash Tanchuma, Vayeshev 4:1

The passage teaches that God acts circuitously in bringing fearful experiences upon humanity and interprets the primordial darkness over the deep as the angel of death, created on the first day and darkening people’s faces.

‎וְיוֹסֵף הוּרַד מִצְרָיְמָה. זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: לְכוּ חֲזוּ מִפְעֲלוֹת אֱלֹהִים נוֹרָא עֲלִילָה עַל בְּנֵי אָדָם (תהלים סו, ה). אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה, אַף הַנּוֹרָאוֹת שֶׁאַתָּה מֵבִיא עָלֵינוּ, בַּעֲלִילָה אַתְּ מְבִיאָן. בֹּא וּרְאֵה כְּשֶׁבָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת הָעוֹלָם, מִיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן בָּרָא מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת. מִנַּיִן, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶרֶכְיָה, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְחֹשֶׁךְ עַל פְּנֵי תְהוֹם (בראשית א, ב), זֶה מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת הַמַּחֲשִׁיךְ פְּנֵיהֶם שֶׁל בְּרִיּוֹת.

And Joseph was brought down into Egypt (Gen. 39:1). Scripture states elsewhere in reference to this verse: Come and see the works of God; he acts circuitously in His doings toward the children of man (Ps. 66:5). R. Joshua the son of Karha declared: Even the fearful experiences You inflicted upon us, You brought about circuitously. For example, when the Holy One, blessed be He, created His world, He fashioned the angel of death on the first day. Whence do we know that? R. Berechiah said: We know it from the verse And darkness was on the face of the deep (Gen. 1:2). Darkness refers to the angel of death, for he darkens the face of man.

Source 14 · Chazal
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Shabbat 67b

שבת ס״ז ב

Shabbat 67b:1

The passage states that saying “Gad gadi, usnuk la ashki vebushki” constitutes a practice of the Amorites, while Rabbi Yehudah interprets “Gad” as referring to idolatry, based on the verse “those who set a table for Gad.

הָאוֹמֵר ״גַּד גַּדִּי, וּסְנוּק לָא אַשְׁכִּי וּבוּשְׁכִּי״ — יֵשׁ בּוֹ מִשּׁוּם דַּרְכֵי הָאֱמוֹרִי. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: ״גַּד״ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הָעֹרְכִים לַגַּד שֻׁלְחָן״.

Source 15 · Rishonim
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Rashi on Deuteronomy 32:17

רש"י על דברים ל״ב:י״ז

Rashi on Deuteronomy 32:17

Rashi comments that the שדים are demons and explains the verse as referring to beings that have no power to help. His comment accepts the scriptural language while denying these beings independent divine power.

לא שערום אבתיכם. לֹא יָרְאוּ מֵהֶם — לֹא עָמְדָה שַׂעֲרָתָם מִפְּנֵיהֶם, דֶּרֶךְ שַׂעֲרוֹת הָאָדָם לַעֲמֹד מֵחֲמַת יִרְאָה, כָּךְ נִדְרַשׁ בְּסִפְרֵי. וְיֵשׁ לְפָרֵשׁ עוֹד שערום לְשׁוֹן (ישעיה יג, כא) "וּשְׂעִירִים יְרַקְּדוּ שָׁם", שְׂעִירִים הֵם שֵׁדִים, לֹא עָשׂוּ אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם שְׂעִירִים הַלָּלוּ:

לא שערום אבתיכם — This means, which your fathers feared not; more literally it means: Their hair (שער) did not stand up on end because of them — for it is the nature of a person’s hair to stand up out of fear. Thus is it (the word שערום) explained in Sifrei Devarim 318:15. But it is also possible to explain it as being connected with the noun in (Isaiah 13:21) “And שעירים shall dance there”; שעירים are demons (satyrs), and the meaning of our verse would then be: your fathers never made these satyrs.

Source 16 · Rishonim
Verified

Ramban on Deuteronomy 32:17

רמב"ן על דברים ל״ב:י״ז

Ramban on Deuteronomy 32:17

Ramban interprets שדים within a supernatural hierarchy associated with spiritual powers and pagan worship. His treatment is a classic non-rationalist counterpart to Rambam’s skepticism.

יִזְבְּחוּ לַשֵּׁדִים לֹא אֱלֹהַּ, פֵּרַשְׁתִּיו (ויקרא יז ז):

THEY SACRIFICED UNTO THE DEMONS, NO-GODS. I have [already] explained this.

Source 17 · Rishonim
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Zohar I:19b-20a

ספר הזהר, בראשית ד׳ — ד"ה וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תוֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ וְגו'

Zohar, Bereshit 4

The Zohar describes demonic and impure forces within its account of creation and the spiritual realms. It provides a strongly realist kabbalistic framework in which destructive entities are part of the unseen order.

וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תוֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ וְגו', הָיְתָה (ל"ט ב) דַיְיקָא מִקַּדְמַת דְּנָא, תַּלְגָא גּוֹ מַיָיא. נַפְקָא מִנָּהּ זוּהֲמָא בְּהַהוּא חֵילָא דְּתַלְגָא בְּמַיָּיא, וְאַקִּישׁ בָּהּ אֶשָׁא תַּקִּיפָא וְהֲוָה בָּהּ פְּסוֹלֶת, וְאִתְעֲדִיאַת וְאִתְעֲבִידַת תֹּה"וּ מֵאֲתַר (נ"א מדורא) דְּזוּהֲמָא. קִינָא דִפְסוֹלֶת. וָבֹה"וּ בְּרִירוּ דְּאִתְבְּרִיר מִגּוֹ פְּסוֹלֶת וְאִתְיַישַׁב בָּהּ חשֶׁךְ, רָזָא דְּאֶשָׁא תַּקִּיפָא. וְהַהוּא חשֶׁ"ךְ דְחָפֵי (חפי) עַל גַּבֵּי הַהוּא תֹּה"וּ עַל גַּבֵּי הַהוּא פְּסוֹלֶת וְאִתְתַּקָּנַת מִינֵיהּ. וְרוּחַ אֱלהִים, רוּחַ קוּדְשָׁא דְּנָפִיק מֵאֱלהִים חַיִּים וְדָא מְרַחֶפֶת עַל פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם. בָּתַר דְּהַאי רוּחַ נָשִׁיב אִבְרִיר דְּקִיקוּ חַד מִגּוֹ הַהוּא פְּסוֹלֶת כְּטִיסָא דְּזוּהֲמָא. כַּד אִבְרִיר וְאַצְנִיף וְאַצְרִיף זִמְנָא וּתְרֵין עַד דְּיִשְׁתָּאַר הַהוּא זוּהֲמָא דְּלֵית בֵּיהּ זוּהֲמָא כְּלָל, תֹּה"וּ אֲתַר דְּלֵית בֵּיהּ גּוָֹון וְלֹא דִּיּוֹקְנָא וְלָא אִתְכְּלִיל בְּרָזָא דְּדִיּוֹקְנָא. הַשְׁתָּא אִיהוּ בְּדִיּוּקְנָא כַּד מִסְתַּכְּלָן בֵּיהּ לֵית לֵיהּ דִּיּוֹקְנָא כְּלָל. לְכֹלָּא אִית לְבוּשָׁא לְאִתְלַבְּשָׁא בַּר הַאי. (דאתחזי ביה וליתיה כלל ולא הוי).

Source 18 · Rishonim
Verified

Recanati on the Torah, Achrei Mot:20

הרקאנטי, אחרי

Recanati on the Torah, Achrei Mot:20

Recanati interprets rabbinic sources as indicating that demons have no elemental physical body, but are disembodied powers emanating from the attribute of judgment that may sometimes assume frightening forms and seek attachment to Torah scholars.

ונראה לי כי יש בדברי רז"ל דברים שיורו כי אין בשדים גוף כלל מן היסודות. אמר במדרש ילמדנו אשר ברא אלהים לעשות רבי בנייה אומר אלו השדים שברא נפשותיהן עד שלא ברא גופם קדש את השבת והניחם ונשארו רוח בלא גוף והבא עליהם פטור וכו'. וזה המאמר עצמו הובא בספר הזוהר [אדרא רבא קמ"ב ב'] בלשון אחר ובשעתא דכד בעי למיעל שבתא הוה ברי רוחין ושדין דעלמין. נראה מכוונתם שאין בהם גוף כלל רק הם כחות נאצלות ממדת הדין ועליהם נאמר עושה שלום ובורא רע (ישעיה מה ז) ונקראין שדים כי הם שודדים המערכות עליונות כענין שאמרו בכשפים שהן מכחישין פמלייא של מעלה וכו' ולפעמים לובשין גון שישתער לב הרואה אותם כענין שאמרו רז"ל אינהו אדמויי אדמו ועל כן מקומם היא בחרבה וגם בבית הכסא והבן זה והשתוקקותם היא להדבק אצל תלמידי חכמים כדאיתא כי הם תאבים להדבק בתלמידי חכמים כאשה המשתוקקת לבעלה וכשדה בית השלחין הצמאה למים כי יש בהם פרצוף חמור כתיקון המרכבה העליונה והבן זה ומטעם זה לא נעשה מהם גוף שלם והמשכיל יבין.

Source 19 · Rishonim
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Mishneh Torah, Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations 11:16

משנה תורה, עבודת כוכבים יא ד והלאה

Mishneh Torah, Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations 11:16

Rambam rejects the practical reality of demons and treats belief in their efficacy as part of foolish or idolatrous practices. This is a central rationalist source denying demons as operative spiritual beings.

וּדְבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ כֻּלָּן דִּבְרֵי שֶׁקֶר וְכָזָב הֵן וְהֵם שֶׁהִטְעוּ בָּהֶן עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים הַקַּדְמוֹנִים לְגוֹיֵי הָאֲרָצוֹת כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּנְהֲגוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶן. וְאֵין רָאוּי לְיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהֵם חֲכָמִים מְחֻכָּמִים לְהִמָּשֵׁךְ בַּהֲבָלִים אֵלּוּ וְלֹא לְהַעֲלוֹת עַל לֵב שֶׁיֵּשׁ תּוֹעֶלֶת בָּהֶן. כָּל הַמַּאֲמִין בִּדְבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן וּמְחַשֵּׁב בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁהֵן אֱמֶת וּדְבַר חָכְמָה אֲבָל הַתּוֹרָה אֲסָרָתַן אֵינָן אֶלָּא מִן הַסְּכָלִים וּמְחֻסְּרֵי הַדַּעַת וּבִכְלַל הַנָּשִׁים וְהַקְּטַנִּים שֶׁאֵין דַּעְתָּן שְׁלֵמָה. אֲבָל בַּעֲלֵי הַחָכְמָה וּתְמִימֵי הַדַּעַת יֵדְעוּ בִּרְאָיוֹת בְּרוּרוֹת שֶׁכָּל אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁאָסְרָה תּוֹרָה אֵינָם דִּבְרֵי חָכְמָה אֶלָּא תֹּהוּ וְהֶבֶל שֶׁנִּמְשְׁכוּ בָּהֶן חַסְרֵי הַדַּעַת וְנָטְשׁוּ כָּל דַּרְכֵי הָאֱמֶת בִּגְלָלָן.

Source 20 · Rishonim
Verified

Sefer HaIkkarim, Maamar 4, Chapter 30

ספר העקרים, מאמר ד ל׳:ג׳-ד׳ — ד"ה וזה כי לפי שפעולות השם הם

Sefer HaIkkarim, Maamar 4 30:3-4

Albo discusses spiritual beings and the limits of human knowledge about the unseen world, providing a philosophical framework for evaluating claims about demons and other incorporeal entities.

וזה כי לפי שפעולות השם הם שלמות בתכלית השלמות, חוייב שימצא כל מה שאפשר המצאו לפי מה שתשפטהו החלוקה, ואחר שאנחנו נמצא הנמצאים הגשמיים מהם קיימים באיש כגלגלים והכוכבים כמו שהעיד החוש על זה, והנביא מסכים לזה גם כן, אמר שאו מרום עיניכם וראו מי ברא אלה, ואמר איש לא נעדר, ומהם קיימים במין כבעלי חיים המולידים בדומה, ומהם בלתי קיימים באיש ולא במין כבעלי חיים הנולדים מן העפוש, הנה הוא מן ההכרח שימצא החלק האחר הנשאר מן החלוקה, והוא שימצאו נמצאים קיימים במין מצד וקיימים באיש מצד, וזהו מין האדם שהוא קיים במין ולא באיש כשאר הבעלי חיים מצד הגוף והכחות החמריות אשר בו, והוא קיים באיש כמלאכים מצד הנפש המדברת והכח השכלי אשר בו. ואל שני מיני הקיום הללו רמז בעל ספר יצירה באמרו כרת לו ברית בין עשר אצבעות ידיו ובין עשר אצבעות רגליו במלת הלשון ובמלת המעור, וקיום המין הרמוז במלת המעור ידוע, וקיום האיש הרמוז במלת הלשון רצה לומר בנפש המדברת. וזה לפי שאי אפשר לדבר הנצחי לכרות ברית עם הדבר ההוה ונפסד אלא מצד הקיום שבו.

Since the works of God are absolutely perfect, it follows that everything that can exist should exist in all the divisions which a logical classification suggests. Now we find that some corporeal things are permanent as individuals, for example the spheres and the stars, as the senses testify and as the prophet, too, agrees: “Lift up your eyes on high, and see: who hath created these?… Not one faileth.” Some are permanent only as species, for example, those animals which are born of individuals of the same species, while some are permanent neither as individuals nor as species, as, for example, those animals which are generated of putrefaction. It follows, therefore, that the remaining class of the division should also exist, namely there must be beings which are permanent both as individuals and as species, though in different aspects. This is the human species, which, in respect of the body and its material powers, has specific permanence only and not individual, like the other animals, but in respect of the rational soul and its intellectual power, man has individual permanence like the angels. These two kinds of permanance are alluded to in the book Yezirah in the words: “He made a covenant with him between the ten fingers of his hands and the ten toes of his feet by the circumcision of the tongue and the circumcision of his nakedness.” Specific permanence is cearly indicated in the expression, “the circumcision of his nakedness,” which needs no explanation, while individual permanence is indicated in the words, “circumcision of the tongue,” i. e. the rational (speaking) soul. The reason for this is because an eternal being can not make a covenant with a thing that is subject to genesis and decay except in so far as it has some permanence.

Source 21 · Rishonim
Verified

Rashi on Genesis 6:19

רש"י על בראשית ו׳:י״ט

Rashi on Genesis 6:19

Rashi interprets “and of every living thing” as including demons, citing Genesis Rabbah.

ומכל החי. אֲפִלּוּ שֵׁדִים (ב"ר):

ומכל החי AND OF EVERY LIVING THING — Even of demons (Genesis Rabbah 31:13).

Source 22 · Acharonim
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Nefesh HaChayim, Gate III 12

נפש החיים, שער ג י״ב:א׳-ג׳ — ד"ה וזהו הענין שדרשו ז"ל

Nefesh HaChayim, Gate III 12:1-3

Rav Chaim Volozhiner presents a layered spiritual cosmology in which created spiritual forces and harmful powers can operate within the ordered worlds. This is a major later source for a metaphysically realist reading of spiritual entities.

וזהו הענין שדרשו ז"ל (חולין ז' ב') על פסוק כי ה' הוא האלקים אין עוד מלבדו אר"ח אפילו כשפים. כי כל עניני פעולות הכשפים נמשך מהכחות הטומאה של המרכבה טמאה. והוא ענין חכמת הכשוף שהיו הסנהדרין צריכין לידע. היינו חכמת שמות הטומאה וידיעת עניני כחות המרכבה טמאה בשמותיהם. שע"י יפעלו בעלי הכשופים פעולות וענינים משונים כשמשביעין כחות הטומאה בבחי' הטוב שבו שישפיע בתוכו חיות לעשות נפלאות היפך סדר כחות הטבעי' והמזלות. ועיין ע"ח שער קליפת נגה ריש פ"ד. מחמת שכן קבע הבורא אדון כל ית' עניני כחותיה' למעלה מכחות הטבעים הנמשכים מהכוכבי' והמזלות שעי"ז יהא בכחם לעשות פעולות גם היפוך טבעי כחות הכוכבים ומזלות שהוקבע בהם בעת הבריאה. כידוע שכל כח ועולם קבע בו הבורא יתברך כח ויכולת להנהיג ולהטות את הכח והעולם שתחתיו לכל אשר יהיה שמה הרוח וכו'. ומ"ש שם שמכחישין פמליא של מעלה ר"ל שרק סדור כחות הפמליא של הכוכבים והמזלות קבע הבורא יתב' כח בכחות הטומאה שיהו יכולין להפכם. אבל לא שיהא בכחם לשנות ח"ו מסדר הפעולות הקדושים של כחות המרכבה קדושה.

And this is the context within which they (OBM) expounded (Chullin 7b) on the verse “that God-YHV”H is the God-Elohi”m, there is none other than Him” (D’varim 4:39): “Rabbee Chaneena stated: even sorceries.” For the entire context for acts of sorcery is drawn from the powers of impurity of the impure Vehicle, and that is the matter of the wisdom of sorcery about which the members of the Sanhedrin were required to have intimate knowledge, namely: 1. the wisdom relating to the names of impurity, and 2. the knowledge of the contexts of the powers of the impure Vehicle, and 3. their names by which the masters of sorcery perform acts, and 4. other various contexts, as when they bind the powers of impurity using the aspect of good within it, to infuse within it a vitality to perform supernatural acts opposite to the order of the natural powers and guiding powers. Refer to the Etz Chayyim, Sha-ar Kleepaht Noga, at the beginning of chapter 4 [for more detail]. As a result that the Creator, Master of All (blessed be He) determined that the context of their powers be higher than the natural powers that are drawn from the astronomical entities and the guiding powers, because of that it is in their power to do actions even opposite to the natural powers of the “astronomical entities and guiding powers” assigned to them at the time of creation. As is well known, the Creator (blessed be He) set within each power and world the power and ability to govern and direct the power and world below it, to anywhere it will have the spirit-Ruakh… . And what they stated there—“that they contradict the heavenly retinue”—they intended to convey that the Creator permanently put into effect that the ability of the powers of impurity would be to subvert only the arrangement of powers of the retinue comprising the “astronomical entities and guiding powers”, but not that they should have the power to affect (heaven forefend) any of the holy actions of the powers of the holy Vehicle.

Source 23 · Acharonim
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Gur Aryeh on Bamidbar 23:22

מהר"ל, שמות במדבר כג כב

Gur Aryeh on Bamidbar 23:22

Maharal explains that Chazal identify the beings under discussion as shedim, which combine earthly and heavenly characteristics and therefore extend from the earth to the firmament; they are called re’emim to signify their height and exaltedness.

ואמרו רז"ל אלו השדים. ולא ידעתי למה נקראו השדים 'ראמים'. ויראה, מפני כי השדים יש בהם דברים מענין הבריות, וגם יש בהם דברים מן העליונים, הרי מגיעים מן הארץ עד הרקיע. ובשביל כך מכנה אותם בשם 'ראמים', שנקרא 'ראם' על שם גבהותו ורוממותו.

Source 24 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 179

שולחן ערוך, יורה דעה קע״ט:ט״ז — ד"ה מעשה שדים אסור ויש מי שמתיר

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 179:16

The laws of sorcery, divination, and occult practices assume that various alleged supernatural practices are religiously prohibited, while the legal framework does not require a single metaphysical position about demons. It is relevant to the practical implications of demonological belief.

מעשה שדים אסור ויש מי שמתיר לישאל בהם על הגניבה: הגה וכיוצא בזה (ב"י והגהות מיי' פי"א מהלכות גזילה) וע"י השבעה שמשביע אותם ע"י שמות יש מתירין בכל ענין (ב"י בשם נ"י ושם בהג"ה הנ"ל) מ"מ רוב העוסקים בזה אינן נפטרים מהם בשלום על כן שומר נפשו ירחק מהם (ב"י): המקטר לשד לחברו ולכופו לעשות כרצונו חייב משום עובד עבודת כוכבים הלומד מן האמגושי אפילו דברי תורה חייב מיתה:

Demonic work is prohibited, but some permit inquiring of them about stolen items. [Comment of Rema: And derived from this (B"Y and Hagahot Maimoniot 11 in "Laws of Theft") And to force them to swear oaths using Divine Names, some permit in any situation. (B"Y citing N"Y and citing that comment) But in any case, most of the practitioners of this do not get out of it peacefully, so one who wants to protect their soul will distance themselves from them (demons) (B"Y).] One who burns incense for a demon, to connect with it and force it to do one's will is guilty of worshipping idolatry. One who studies from a sorcerer, even words of Torah, is worthy of the death penalty.

Source 25 · Acharonim
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Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 116:1

שולחן ערוך, יורה דעה קט״ז

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 116:1-2

Joseph Karo states that liquids left uncovered were prohibited by the Sages out of concern that a snake might have drunk from them and left venom, but permits them where snakes are not common; he also cautions against eating or roasting meat and fish together because of a danger of leprosy, while noting that the combination is permitted after the fact.

דברים האסורים משום גלוי. ובו ז' סעיפים: משקים שנתגלו אסרום חכמים דחיישינן שמא שתה נחש מהם והטיל בהם ארס ועכשיו שאין נחשים מצויים בינינו מותר: צריך ליזהר שלא לאכול בשר ודג ביחד מפני שקשה לצרעת: הגה וכן אין לצלות בשר עם דג משום ריחא מיהו בדיעבד אינו אסור (ארוך כלל ל"ט דין כ"ה):

Source 26 · Hasidic
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Likutei Moharan 5

ליקוטי מוהר"ן ה׳:א׳-ב׳ — ד"ה לְשׁוֹן רַבֵּנוּ זִכְרוֹנוֹ לִבְרָכָה בַּחֲצֹצְרוֹת וְקוֹל

Likutei Moharan 5:1-2

R. Nachman discusses forces of evil, spiritual obstruction, and the way holiness confronts opposing powers. The work is relevant to Hasidic demonological language, though its emphasis is often symbolic and devotional rather than classificatory.

וְעִנְיַן הַתְּפִלָּה הֵן בִּשְׁנֵי פָּנִים, הַיְנוּ קֹדֶם גְּזַר דִּין מִתְפַּלְּלִין כְּסֵדֶר הַתְּפִלָּה, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לְהַלְבִּישׁ הַתְּפִלָּה, אֲבָל לְאַחַר גְּזַר דִּין צָרִיךְ לְהַלְבִּישׁ הַתְּפִלָּה, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יָבִינוּ הַמַּלְאָכִים הָעוֹמְדִים לִשְׂמֹאל, וְלֹא יְקַטְרְגוּ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (דניאל ד׳:י״ד): בִּגְזֵרַת עִירִין פִּתְגָּמִין, הַיְנוּ לְאַחַר גְּזַר דִּין, אֲזַי: בְּמֵאמַר קַדִּישִׁין שְׁאֵלְתִּין, אֲזַי הַצַּדִּיקִים מַלְבִּישִׁים שְׁאֵלָתָם בְּמַאֲמָר: ב אֲבָל אֵיךְ יַדְעִינָן בֵּין קֹדֶם גְּזַר דִּין בֵּין לְאַחַר גְּזַר דִּין, עַל־יְדֵי הַמִּצְווֹת שֶׁאָנוּ עוֹשִׂים, יְכוֹלִין אֲנַחְנוּ לֵידַע בֵּין קֹדֶם גְּזַר דִּין לְאַחַר גְּזַר דִּין.

{“The verdict is decreed by the destroying angels, and the request is through the maamar of the holy ones” (Daniel 4:14).} And in the matter of prayer, there are two approaches. Before the decree has been issued we follow the regular order of prayer and there is no need to veil the prayers. But after the decree has been issued our prayers have to be disguised <within stories>, so that the <accusing angels> standing to the left do not understand and protest. As is written, “The verdict is decreed by the destroying angels”—i.e., when it is after the decree has been issued—then, “the request is through the maamar of the holy ones”—then the tzaddikim disguise their requests in a maamar. 2. But how do we know whether it is before the decree has been issued or after the decree has been issued? We can determine whether it is before the decree or after the decree by means of the mitzvot we perform.

Source 27 · Hasidic
Verified

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 24

תניא, חלק ראשון; ליקוטי אמרים כ״ד:ג׳-ה׳ — ד"ה וְלֹא עוֹד

Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 24:3-5

The Alter Rebbe describes the kelipot and sitra achra as forces of impurity and opposition to holiness. These are not simply identical with talmudic shedim, but the chapter is central for understanding how Chabad reframes demonic language in spiritual and psychological terms.

וְלֹא עוֹד, אֶלָּא שֶׁבְּטֵלִים וּטְפֵלִים אֵלֶיהָ, וּגְרוּעִים וּפְחוּתִים מִמֶּנָּה מְאֹד, כִּי הִיא, אֵינָהּ מְלוּבֶּשֶׁת בְּגוּף חוּמְרִי, וְיוֹדַעַת אֶת רִבּוֹנָהּ, וְאֵינָהּ מוֹרֶדֶת בּוֹ לִפְעוֹל פְּעוּלָּתָהּ בְּמִשְׁלַחַת מַלְאֲכֵי רָעִים שֶׁלָּהּ – שֶׁלֹּא בִּשְׁלִיחוּתוֹ שֶׁל מָקוֹם בָּרוּךְ־הוּא חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, וּכְמַאֲמַר בִּלְעָם: ״לֹא אוּכַל לַעֲבוֹר אֶת פִּי ה׳ וְגוֹ״. וְאַף שֶׁנִּקְרָא ״עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה״, הָא קָרוּ לֵיהּ ״אֱלָהָא דֶאֱלָהַיָּא״, וְאֵינָם יְכוֹלִים לַעֲבוֹר כְּלָל עַל רְצוֹנוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ, כִּי יוֹדְעִים וּמַשִּׂיגִים שֶׁהוּא חַיּוּתָם וְקִיּוּמָם, שֶׁיּוֹנְקִים מִבְּחִינַת ״אֲחוֹרַיִים דַּאֲחוֹרַיִים״ שֶׁל רָצוֹן הָעֶלְיוֹן בָּרוּךְ־הוּא הַמַּקִּיף עֲלֵיהֶם, אֶלָּא שֶׁיְּנִיקָתָם וְחַיּוּתָם שֶׁבְּתוֹכָם, הִיא בִּבְחִינַת גָּלוּת בְּתוֹכָם – לְהַחֲשִׁיב עַצְמָן אֱלֹהוּת, וַהֲרֵי זוֹ כְּפִירָה בְּאַחְדּוּתוֹ. אֲבָל מִכָּל מָקוֹם, אֵינָן כּוֹפְרִים וְכִחֲשׁוּ בַּה׳ לְגַמְרֵי וְלוֹמַר לֹא הוּא, אֶלָּא דְּקָרוּ לֵיהּ ״אֱלָהָא דֶאֱלָהַיָּא״, דְּהַיְינוּ – חַיּוּתָם וְקִיּוּמָם הַנִּמְשָׁךְ וְיוֹרֵד עֲלֵיהֶם מֵרְצוֹנוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ, וְלָכֵן אֵינָן עוֹבְרִין רְצוֹנוֹ יִתְבָּרֵךְ לְעוֹלָם.

Furthermore, they become subordinate and secondary to it [the kelipah], and considerably inferior and more debased than it. For the kelipah is not clothed in a corporeal body, and it knows its Master and is not rebellious against Him by any independent act of sending its evil messengers, G–d forbid, when not commissioned by the Omnipresent, blessed is He. Witness Balaam’s statement, “I cannot go beyond the word of G–d….” And even though it is called avodah zarah, He is, at least, acknowledged as “the G–d of gods,” and the latter are utterly powerless to contravene His will, blessed be He, for they know and apprehend that He is their life and sustenance, since they derive their nurture from the so-called “hindermost part” of the will of the Supreme One, blessed is He, which encompasses them. It is only because their sustenance and inner life-source are, as it were, in “exile” within them that they presume to regard themselves as gods, which is a denial of His unity. Nevertheless they are not so completely heretical as to deny G–d and to assert that He does not exist; only they regard Him as the “G–d of gods,” recognizing that their life and existence are [ultimately] derived and bestowed upon them from His will, blessed be He. Therefore they are never rebellious against His will, blessed be He.

Source 28 · Modern
Verified

Sulam on Zohar, Pinchas 763

זהר, פנחס תשסג

Sulam on Zohar, Pinchas 763

Sulam distinguishes between “Jewish demons” serving the בעלי משנה, who are likened to angels and associated with the letters ש״ד of שדי, and impure demons and harmful beings called “non-Jewish demons,” reflecting a corresponding opposition established by God.

ואוף הכי דפרשין וכו': ואף כך, ניתן קמח בינוני הנ"ל, לפרשי המלך הם בעלי משנה, שהם כמלאכים. והמשמשים שלהם, הם שדים יהודים, שהם רשומים באות שדי דהיינו באותיות ש"ד מן שדי. ויש שדים ומזיקים מצד הטומאה, הנקראים שדים עכו"ם. כי זה לעומת זה עשה האלקים.

Source 29 · Modern
External

the Debrecener Rav (Be'er Moshe 5:1)

באר משה, ח״ה סי׳ א׳

Be'er Moshe 5:1

The passage refers to creatures associated with a “bad spirit” in the synagogue and directs the reader to discussions of this matter in several cited works.

On this pageThe passage refers to creatures associated with a “bad spirit” in the synagogue and directs the reader to discussions of this matter in several cited works.

Be'er Moshe 5:1 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 4

Rav Moshe Stern (Debreciner Rav) Be'er Moshe is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

Source 30 · Modern
External

Valle on Bereishis 6

בראשית ו׳

Valle on Bereishis 6

The passage discusses spiritual beings and explains that some shedim could coexist and form companionship with humans, despite generally being hostile toward them, because those who entered the ark belonged to a particular group.

On this pageThe passage discusses spiritual beings and explains that some shedim could coexist and form companionship with humans, despite generally being hostile toward them, because those who entered the ark belonged to a particular group.

Valle on Bereishis 6 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 109

Rav Moshe David Valle (רמד״ו, 1697–1777, Padua, the Ramchal's colleague); kabbalistic commentary on Tanach, this edition prepared from manuscript by the Spinner edition. Rav Moshe David Valle — Or Olam (Bereishis) is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

Source 31 · Modern
External

Chiddushei Aggadot, Sanhedrin 65

חידושי אגדות מהר״ל, סנהדרין דף ס״ה

Chiddushei Aggadot, Sanhedrin 65

The passage states that a righteous person may be endowed with a spirit of purity and divine closeness, while sorcerers and magicians act through demons.

On this pageThe passage states that a righteous person may be endowed with a spirit of purity and divine closeness, while sorcerers and magicians act through demons.

Chiddushei Aggadot, Sanhedrin 65 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 169

The Maharal of Prague (R. Yehudah Loew) Chiddushei Aggadot (Maharal) is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

Source 32 · Modern
External

Igros Moshe YD 4:13

אגרות משה, יו"ד ד׳:י״ג

Igros Moshe YD 4:13

The passage distinguishes between supernatural phenomena produced through sorcery involving impure names and demons, and other supernatural matters involving ordinary words and actions but unrelated to sorcery.

On this pageThe passage distinguishes between supernatural phenomena produced through sorcery involving impure names and demons, and other supernatural matters involving ordinary words and actions but unrelated to sorcery.

Igros Moshe YD 4:13 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 214

Igros Moshe is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

See also

Source 33 · Modern
External

Chiddushei Aggadot, Gittin 68

חידושי אגדות מהר״ל, גיטין דף ס״ח

Chiddushei Aggadot, Gittin 68

The passage contrasts angels appointed to govern the world with shedim, which harm and damage it, while noting that God sometimes directs the world’s governance and sometimes destroys it.

On this pageThe passage contrasts angels appointed to govern the world with shedim, which harm and damage it, while noting that God sometimes directs the world’s governance and sometimes destroys it.

Chiddushei Aggadot, Gittin 68 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 128

The Maharal of Prague (R. Yehudah Loew) Chiddushei Aggadot (Maharal) is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

Source 34 · Modern
External

Tzitz Eliezer 13:55

ציץ אליעזר, חי״ג סי׳ נ״ה

Tzitz Eliezer 13:55

The passage cites a Gemara in Avodah Zarah stating that when suffering is sent upon a person, it is adjured not to go through a particular person or by means of a particular substance.

On this pageThe passage cites a Gemara in Avodah Zarah stating that when suffering is sent upon a person, it is adjured not to go through a particular person or by means of a particular substance.

Tzitz Eliezer 13:55 — page scan on HebrewBooks
Page 130

Tzitz Eliezer is not freely available in text. This PDF surfaced in our research. Please use the feedback buttons below to help us improve.

Source 35 · Modern
Verified

Rav Eliezer Melamed (Peninei Halakhah, Women's Prayer 5:3)

פניני הלכה, תפילת נשים ה׳:ג׳

Peninei Halakhah, Women's Prayer 5:3

The passage cites opinions that ru’aḥ ra’ah no longer exists or does not dwell in certain regions, explaining that as prophecy ceased and intellectual power became dominant, impure spirits weakened and disappeared, replaced by false and deceitful ideas.

ויש אומרים, שרוח-רעה זו בטלה מהעולם. בתוספות (יומא עז, ב) מובאת דעה, שאין אותה רוח-רעה שורה באלו המלכויות (ארצות אשכנז). ובעל ה'לחם-משנה' כתב שמשמע מדברי הרמב"ם, שחי בספרד ומצרים, שאינו חושש לרוח הרעה שנזכרה בתלמוד (שביתת העשור ג, ב). גם המהרש"ל, שחי לפני כארבע מאות שנה, והיה אחד מגדולי הפוסקים באשכנז, כתב שאין רוח-רעה מצויה בינינו (חולין פרק שמיני ל"א). וכך כתבו עוד כמה פוסקים. כנראה שההבדל בין הדורות נעוץ בכך, שבדורות הראשונים הכח הנפשי, המיסטי, היה בולט וחזק יותר. הדבר התבטא מצד אחד ביכולת להגיע להישגים גבוהים ועמוקים יותר מבחינה נפשית ורוחנית, כמו לנבואה; ומאידך, בכל מיני כישופים ורוחות טומאה. במשך הזמן, הכוח השכלי תפס את המקום המרכזי על חשבון הכוחות הנפשיים, ויחד עם הפסקת הנבואה גם רוחות הטומאה נחלשו ונעלמו, ובמקומן יש רוחות רעות של דעות שקריות ומזויפות.

Others maintain that ru’aḥ ra’ah has been eliminated from this world. Tosafot (Yoma 77b) cites an opinion that ru’aḥ ra’ah does not dwell in “these kingdoms” (France and Germany). Leḥem Mishneh states that it is implied from Rambam, who lived in Spain and Egypt, that he, too, is not concerned about the ru’aḥ ra’ah mentioned in the Talmud (MT, Laws of Observing Yom Kippur 3:2). Maharshal one of the greatest Ashkenazic poskim of the sixteenth century, writes no ru’aḥ ra’ah is found nowadays (Yam Shel Shlomo, Ḥullin 8:31). Several other poskim agree with this approach. In earlier generations, spiritual and mystical power was more pronounced and intense. This was expressed on the one hand by the ability to attain greater and more transcendental experiences, emotionally and spiritually, such as prophecy, and on the other hand, by the presence of all sorts of sorcery and impure spirits. Over time, intellectual prowess took center stage at the expense of spiritual forces, and together with the cessation of prophecy, the impure spirits weakened and disappeared; their place was taken by the “evil spirits” of false and deceitful ideas.

Related sources· 8 found, not yet verifiedSign in to verify
  • ויש אומרים שרוח-רעה זו בטלה מהעולם. בעלי התוספות (יומא עז, ב) הזכירו דעה, שרוח-רעה זו אינה שורה באלו המלכויות (ארצות אשכנז). ובעל ה'לחם-משנה' כתב שמשמע מדברי הרמב"ם שאינו חושש לרוח הרעה שנזכרה בתלמוד (שביתת העשור ג, ב). גם המהרש"ל, שחי לפני כארבע מאות שנה, והיה אחד מגדולי הפוסקים באשכנז, כתב שאין רוח-רעה מצויה בינינו (יש"ש חולין ח, לא). וכך כתבו עוד כמה פוסקים. כנראה שההבדל בין הדורות נעוץ בכך, שבדורות הראשונים הכח הנפשי, המיסטי, היה בולט וחזק יותר. הדבר התבטא מצד אחד ביכולת להגיע להישגים גבוהים ועמוקים מבחינה נפשית ורוחנית, כמו נבואה; ומאידך, בגילוי של כוחות טומאה בכישופים ועבודה זרה. במשך הזמן, הכח השכלי תפס את המקום המרכזי על חשבון הכוחות הנפשיים, ויחד עם הפסקת הנבואה גם רוחות הטומאה נחלשו ונעלמו, ובמקומן יש רוחות רעות של דעות שקריות ומזויפות.

    Same passage as Peninei Halakhah, Women's Prayer 5:3

  • שדים. אף על פי שלא נתבאר בדברי ה״ר ישעיה מאיזה טעם הוא אוסר מעשה שדים מסתמא משמע דמפני שהוא בכלל מעשה כשפים קאסר להו כדקאמר הרמ״ה. והרא״ש כתב ]שם סימן ח[ על זה יראה כיון דרבי חייא בר אבא ואביי פירשו לנו מה הן מעשה שדים

  • ג פ׳ אחרי מות אחר שכתב וברי הרב הגדול שהשדים יש להם גוף מאש ואויר וכו׳ נ״ל כי יש בדברי רז״ל וברים שיורו כי אין בשדים כלל מן היסודות אמר במורש ילמדנו אשר ברא אלקים לעשות א׳׳ר גניוה אלו השדים שברא נפשותיהן עד שלא ברא את

  • שאין אותו רוח רעה מצוי בינינו וכדברי התום׳ וכעין הסבר זה נמצא בתשו׳ תה״ד סי׳ ט״ז הובא במחצ״ה )סי׳ ק״ג סק״ו( ובלבו״ש על המג״א )ם 9 ׳ו( עיי״ש לענין דבר אחר )ועיין בתשו׳ מכתב לחזקי׳ רס״י א׳ בשד״ח השלם ח״י(. ועיין אלי׳ רבא

  • אות נהן. ועינא דשפיר חזי למהרש״ל ]חולין פ״ח סימן יבן שכתב, שכל מה שהזהירו חז״ל משום רוח רעה, כולהו לא שכיחי האידנא, ומש״ה אין העולם נזהרים בשום קלוף ובצל קלוף, וכיו״ב כתבו התוס׳ ]יומא עז ע״ב[ לגבי רוח רעה דשיבתא. ע״כ.

  • והרי למדנו, כשאדם בחלומו, ואינו שולט בגופו, והגוף נדם, רוח הטומאה בא ושורה עליו, ויש לפעמים שרוחות נקבות טמאות באות וקרבות אליו, ומושכות אותו עמהן, ומתחממות ממנו, ומולידות אחר כך רוחות ומזיקים, ולפעמים נראים כמראה של בני אדם, אלא שאין להם שערות בראש.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • ובשעה שאדם בא להטהר אותו רוח הטומאה נכנע מפניו, ואינו יכול לשלוט עליו, ואז כתוב לא תאונה אליך רעה, זו היא לילית, ונגע לא יקרב באהלך, אלו הם שאר מזיקים, וכבר בארוהו ולמדנו.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

  • ...ותחת המטה לא יתן אדם מאכל, כי רוח הטומאה שם, כי זה איננו ניחוש, כי ידוע הוא.

    from our library copy — not yet checked against the original

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Halachaהלכה

Lizards in Jewish Law and Purity

These sources examine the halakhic classification of lizards and related crawling creatures (sheratzim) within Jewish law, including their status regarding ritual impurity, permitted uses of their hides, and their enumeration in the Torah's list of forbidden animals.

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Machshavaמחשבה

Jewish Concepts of Heaven and Hell

Jewish sources present diverse perspectives on the afterlife, including the World to Come and divine reward and punishment. These texts range from biblical references to resurrection and eternal destinies, to rabbinic elaborations on the nature of the world to come and the fate of souls.

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Machshavaמחשבה

Sources for the Ten Sefirot

These sources trace the development and understanding of the ten sefirot across Jewish mystical tradition, from early kabbalistic texts through medieval systematizations to later Hasidic interpretations. They address the structure, nature, and theological significance of the sefirot as divine emanations and vessels of divine revelation.

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