The Kuzari describes the sages’ authority in interpreting and applying the Torah, especially through the communal structure of Jewish practice. It supports a model in which rabbinic authority is embodied in a living chain of learned tradition.
(סה) אָמַר הֶחָבֵר: כִּי הַנְּבוּאָה הִתְמִידָה עִם אַנְשֵׁי בַיִת שֵׁנִי אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה, מֵהַזְּקֵנִים הַנֶּעֱזָרִים בְּכֹחַ הַשְּׁכִינָה שֶׁהָיְתָה בְּבַיִת רִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁהַנְּבוּאָה הַנִּקְנֵית נִסְתַּלְּקָה בְהִסְתַּלֵּק הַשְּׁכִינָה, וְלֹא הָיוּ מְקַוִּים לָהּ אֶלָּא בְעֵת מֻפְלָא וּבַעֲבוּר כֹּחַ גָּדוֹל, כְּמוֹ אַבְרָהָם וּמֹשֶׁה וְהַמָּשִׁיחַ שֶׁאֲנַחְנוּ מְקַוִּים וְאֵלִיָּהוּ וְהַדּוֹמִים לָהֶם, אֲשֶׁר הֵם בְּעַצְמָם מָעוֹן לַשְּׁכִינָה, וּבְהִמָּצְאָם יִקְנוּ הַנִּמְצָאִים מַדְרֵגַת הַנְּבוּאָה. וְנִשְׁאַר לָעָם בְּשׁוּבָם אֶל הַבַּיִת חַגַּי וּזְכַרְיָה וְעֶזְרָא וְזוּלָתָם. וְאַחַר הָאַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה הָיָה הֲמוֹן הַחֲכָמִים הַנִּקְרָאִים אַנְשֵׁי כְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה, וְלֹא יִסָּפְרוּ מֵרֹב, וְהֵם שֶׁעָלוּ עִם זְרֻבָּבֶל סָמְכוּ קַבָּלָתָם אֶל הַנְּבִיאִים, כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמְרוּ: 'וּנְבִיאִים מְסָרוּהָ לְאַנְשֵׁי כְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה'. וְאַחֲרֵיהֶם דּוֹר שִׁמְעוֹן הַצַּדִּיק כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל וּמִי שֶׁהָיוּ בְסִיעָתוֹ מִתַּלְמִידִים וַחֲבֵרִים. וְאַחֲרָיו אַנְטִיגְנוֹס אִישׁ סוֹכוֹ מְפֻרְסָם, וּמִתַּלְמִידָיו צָדוֹק וּבַיְתוֹס שֶׁהָיוּ שֹׁרֶשׁ לַכּוֹפְרִים, וּבָהֶם נִקְרְאוּ הַצְּדוֹקִים וְהַבַּיְתוֹסִים. וְאַחֲרָיו יוֹסֵף בֶּן־יוֹעֶזֶר חָסִיד שֶׁבַּכְּהֻנָּה וְיוֹסֵף בֶּן־יוֹחָנָן וְחַבְרֵיהֶם, וּבוֹ אָמְרוּ: מִשֶּׁמֵּת יוֹסֵף בֶּן־יוֹעֶזֶר בָּטְלוּ הָאַשְׁכּוֹלוֹת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: 'אֵין־אֶשְׁכּוֹל לֶאֱכוֹל', מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא יָדְעוּ לוֹ עָוֹן מִנְּעוּרָיו עַד יוֹם מוֹתוֹ. אַחֲרָיו יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן־פְּרַחְיָה, דְּבָרוֹ מְפֻרְסָם, וְיֵשׁוּ הַנּוֹצְרִי הָיָה מִתַּלְמִידָיו וְנִתַּי הָאַרְבֵּלִי הָיָה בְדוֹרוֹ. וְאַחֲרָיו יְהוּדָה בֶן־טָבַי וְשִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן־שָׁטַח וְחַבְרֵיהֶם. וּבִימֵיהֶם הִתְחִילָה דַּעַת הַקָּרָאִים, בַּעֲבוּר מַה שֶּׁאֵרַע לַחֲכָמִים עִם יַנַּי הַמֶּלֶךְ, וְהָיָה כֹהֵן וְהָיְתָה אִמּוֹ חֲשׁוּדָה שֶׁהִיא חֲלָלָה, וְרָמַז אֵלָיו אֶחָד מִן הַחֲכָמִים שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ: 'יַנַּי הַמֶּלֶךְ, רַב לְךָ כֶּתֶר מַלְכוּת וְהַנַּח כֶּתֶר כְּהֻנָּה לְזַרְעוֹ שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן'. וִיעָצוּהוּ חֲבֵרָיו לְהַבְאִישׁ בַּחֲכָמִים וּלְכַלּוֹתָם וּלְהַגְלוֹתָם וְלַהֲמִיתָם. וְאָמַר לָהֶם: 'כַּאֲשֶׁר נְאַבֵּד הַחֲכָמִים מִמִּי נִלְמַד הַתּוֹרָה'. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, הֲרֵי תוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב, כָּל הָרוֹצֶה יָבֹא וְיִלְמַד, וְאַל תַּרְגִּישׁ בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. וְהֶאֱמִין לָהֶם וְשָׁמַע דִּבְרֵיהֶם וְהִגְלָה הַחֲכָמִים, וּבִכְלָלָם שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן שָׁטַח, וְהָיָה חֲתָנוֹ, וְנִתְקַלְקָלה הָרַבָּנוּת זְמָן מֻעָט, וְטָרְחוּ לְהַחֲזִיק בַּתּוֹרָה בְשִׁקּוּל דַּעְתָּם וְהַקָּשׁוֹתָם, וְנִלְאוּ וְלֹא יָכֹלוּ, עַד שֶׁהוּשַׁב שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן שָׁטַח וְתַלְמִידָיו מֵאֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִיָּא וְשָׁבָה הַקַּבָּלָה לְאֵיתָנָהּ. וּכְבָר הִשְׁרִישׁוּ הַקָּרָאִים שֹׁרֶשׁ עִם אֲנָשִׁים שֶׁהָיוּ דוֹחִים תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה וּמִתְחַכְּמִים בְּטַעֲנוֹת, כַּאֲשֶׁר אַתָּה רוֹאֶה שֶׁעוֹשִׂין הַיּוֹם. אֲבָל הַצְּדוֹקִים וְהַבַּיְתוֹסִים הֵם הַמִּינִים שֶׁאָנוּ מִתְפַּלְּלִים עֲלֵיהֶם בִּתְפִלָּתֵנוּ, וְאָמְנָם יֵשׁוּ וַחֲבֵרָיו הֵם הַמְשֻׁעְמָדִים הַנִּכְנָסִים בְּתוֹרַת הַמַּעְמוּדִית הַטְּבוּלִים בַּיַּרְדֵּן. אַךְ הַקָּרָאִים הֵם מִשְׁתַּדְּלִים בַּשָּׁרָשִׁים מִתְחַכְּמִים בַּתּוֹלָדוֹת, וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ הַהֶפְסֵד גַּם אֶל הַשָּׁרָשִׁים רַק מִסִּכְלוּתָם, לֹא בְכַוָּנָה מֵהֶם. וְאַחֲרָיו הָיָה שְׁמַעְיָה וְאַבְטַלְיוֹן, וּמִתַּלְמִידֵיהֶם הִלֵּל וְשַׁמַּי. וְהָיָה מֵעִנְיַן הִלֵּל מַה שֶּׁהוּא מְפֻרְסָם מֵחָכְמָתוֹ וְעַנְוְתָנוּתוֹ, וְהוּא מִזֶּרַע דָּוִד, וְחָיָה מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה, הָיוּ לוֹ כַּמָּה אֲלָפִים תַּלְמִידִים, וּבַמֻּבְחָרִים מֵהֶם אָמְרוּ: שְׁמוֹנִים תַּלְמִידִים הָיוּ לְהַלֵּל הַזָּקֵן, שְׁלֹשִׁים מֵהֶם רְאוּיִים שֶׁתִּשְׁרֶה שְׁכִינָה עֲלֵיהֶם, וּשְׁלֹשִׁים מֵהֶם רְאוּיִים לְעַבֵּר הַשָּׁנִים, וְעֶשְׂרִים בֵּינוֹנִים, גָּדוֹל שֶׁבָּהֶם יוֹנָתָן בֶּן־עֻזִּיאֵל, קָטֹן שֶׁבָּהֶם רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן־זַכַּי, שֶׁלֹּא הִנִּיחַ מִקְרָא וּמִשְׁנָה וְתַלְמוּד וַהֲלָכוֹת וְהַגָּדוֹת וְכָל מִדּוֹת חֲכָמִים וְכָל מִדּוֹת סוֹפְרִים וְכָל דָּבָר וְדָבָר שֶׁהוּא מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, שֶׁלֹּא לְמָדוֹ, וְאָמְרוּ עָלָיו שֶׁלֹּא שָׂח שִׂיחַת חֻלִּין מִיָּמָיו, וְלֹא הִנִּיחַ אָדָם בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ וְיָצָא, וְלֹא קְדָמוֹ אָדָם בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ, וְלֹא יָשֵׁן בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לֹא שְׁנַת קֶבַע וְלֹא שְׁנַת עֲרַאי. וְלֹא הָלַךְ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בְּלֹא תוֹרָה וּבְלֹא תְפִלִּין, וְלֹא מְצָאוֹ אָדָם יוֹשֵׁב וְדוֹמֵם אֶלָּא יוֹשֵׁב וְדוֹרֵשׁ, וְלֹא פָּתַח אָדָם לְתַלְמִידָיו אֶלָּא הוּא, וְלֹא אָמַר דָּבָר שֶׁלֹּא שָׁמַע מִפִּי רַבּוֹ, וְלֹא אָמַר: הִגִּיעַ עֵת לַעֲמֹד מִבֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ. וְכֵן הָיָה רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר תַּלְמִידוֹ נוֹהֵג אַחֲרָיו. וְזֶה רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי חָיָה מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה כְּרַבּוֹ, וְהָיָה בְּבַיִת שֵׁנִי. וּמִתַּלְמִידָיו רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן־הוֹרְקְנוֹס שֶׁיֶּשׁ לוֹ 'פִּרְקֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר' הַמְפֻרְסָמִים בַּתְּכוּנָה וּמִדּוֹת הַגַּלְגַּלִּים וְהָאָרֶץ וְכָל דָּבָר מֻפְלָא בְחָכְמָת הַכּוֹכָבִים. וּמִתַּלְמִידָיו רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן אֱלִישָׁע כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְהוּא רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל שֶׁל 'הֵיכָלוֹת' וְ'הַכָּרַת פָּנִים' וּ'מַעֲשֵׂה מֶרְכָּבָה', כִּי יָדַע סוֹדוֹתֵיהֶם עַד שֶׁהָיָה רָאוּי לְמַדְרֵגָה קְרוֹבָה מֵהַנְּבוּאָה, וְהוּא הָאוֹמֵר: 'פַּעַם אַחַת נִכְנַסְתִּי לְהַקְטִיר קְטֹרֶת וְרָאִיתִי אַכְתְּרִיאֵל יָהּ יְיָ צְבָאוֹת', וּשְׁאָר הָעִנְיָן. וּמִתַּלְמִידָיו רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ שֶׁאֵרְעוּ לוֹ עִם רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל הַדְּבָרִים הַיְדוּעִים, וְרַבִּי יוֹסֵף וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲרָךְ שֶׁאָמְרוּ עָלָיו: 'אִם יִהְיוּ כָּל חַכְמֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכַף מֹאזְנַיִם וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲרָךְ בְּכַף שְׁנִיָּה מַכְרִיעַ אֶת כֻּלָּם'. וּבְאֵלֶּה הַדּוֹרוֹת זוּלָתִי אֵלּוּ הַמְפֻרְסָמִים וְזוּלַת הֲמוֹן הַחֲכָמִים וְזוּלַת הַכֹּהֲנִים וְהַלְוִיִּם שֶׁהָיְתָה תוֹרָתָם אֻמָּנוּתָם, לֹא פָּסְקוּ הַשִּׁבְעִים סַנְהֶדְרִין וְחָכְמָתָם, עַל פִּיהֶם הָיוּ מְמַנִּים הַמְמֻנֶּה וּמַעֲבִירִין הַמָּעֳבָר, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן־יוֹחַאי: 'כָּךְ מְקֻבָּל אֲנִי מִפִּי שִׁבְעִים וּשְׁנַיִם זְקֵנִים בְּיוֹם שֶׁהוֹשִׁיבוּ אֶת רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה בַּיְשִׁיבָה'. וְנִמְשָׁכִים אַחַר הַשִּׁבְעִים מֵאוֹת שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ כְמוֹתָם, וְנִמְשָׁכִים אַחַר הַמֵּאוֹת אֲלָפִים, אַחַר שֶׁלֹּא יִתָּכֵן לְהוֹצִיא שִׁבְעִים שְׁלֵמִים אֶלָּא מִמֵּאוֹת שֶׁהֵם לְמַטָּה מֵהֶם, וְכֵן עַל הַהַדְרָגָה. וְאַחֲרֵי אֵלֶּה רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וְרַבִּי טַרְפוֹן וְרַבִּי יוֹסֵף הַגְּלִילִי וְחַבְרֵיהֶם, וְכֻלָּם אַחַר הַחֻרְבָּן. וְהִגִּיעַ רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אֶל גְּבוּל קָרוֹב מֵהַנְּבוּאָה עַד שֶׁהָיָה מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בְּעוֹלַם הָרוּחָנִיִּים, כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמְרוּ עָלָיו: אַרְבָּעָה נִכְנְסוּ לַפַּרְדֵּס. אֶחָד הֵצִיץ וָמֵת, אֶחָד הֵצִיץ וְנִפְגַּע, אֶחָד הֵצִיץ וְקִצֵּץ בַּנְּטִיעוֹת, אֶחָד בָּא בְשָׁלוֹם וְיָצָא בְּשָׁלוֹם, וּמַנּוּ? – רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא. וְהָיָה הַמֵּת, מִי שֶׁלֹּא סָבַל רְאִיַּת הָעוֹלָם הַהוּא עַד שֶׁנִּתְּקָה הַרְכָּבָתוֹ. וְהַשֵּׁנִי נִפְגַּע וְנִטְרְפָה דַּעְתּוֹ, הַטֵּרוּף הָאֱלֹהִי, וְלֹא הוֹעִילוּ בוֹ בְנֵי אָדָם. וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁי הִפְסִיד הַמַּעֲשִׂים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִשְׁקִיף עַל הַשְּׂכָלִים, אָמַר: אֵלֶּה הַמַּעֲשִׂים הֵם כֵּלִים וּמִשְׁתַּמְּשִׁים מַגִּיעִים אֶל הַמַּדְרֵגָה הַזֹּאת הָרוּחָנִית, וַאֲנִי כְבָר הִגַּעְתִּי אֵלֶיהָ וְלֹא אַרְגִּישׁ עַל מַעֲשֵׂה הַתּוֹרָה. וְנִפְסַד וְהִפְסִיד, וְתָעָה וְהִתְעָה. וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא הָיָה מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בִּשְׁנֵי הָעוֹלָמוֹת מִבְּלִי נֵזֶק שֶׁהִשִּׂיגוֹ, וּכְבָר נֶאֱמַר עָלָיו: 'רָאוּי הוּא שֶׁתִּשְׁרֶה עָלָיו שְׁכִינָה כְּמֹשֶׁה אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין הַשָּׁעָה רְאוּיָה לְכָךְ'. וְהוּא מֵעֲשָׂרָה הֲרוּגֵי מַלְכוּת, וְהוּא אֲשֶׁר בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהֲרָגוּהוּ הָיָה שׁוֹאֵל לְתַלְמִידָיו אִם הוּא עֵת קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע לִקְרֹא אוֹתָהּ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ תַלְמִידָיו: רַבֵּנוּ, עַד כָּאן?! אָמַר לָהֶם: כָּל יָמַי הָיִיתִי מִצְטַעֵר עַל מִקְרָא זֶה: 'בְּכָל נַפְשְׁךָ' – אֲפִלּוּ נוֹטֵל אֶת נַפְשֶׁךָ, עַכְשָׁו שֶׁבָּא לְיָדִי – לֹא אֲקַיְּמֶנּוּ?! וְהָיָה מַאֲרִיךְ בְּ'אֶחָד' עַד שֶׁיָּצְתָה נִשְׁמָתוֹ.
65. The Rabbi: Prophecy lasted about forty years during the second Temple among those elders who had the assistance of the Shekhinah from the first Temple. Individually acquired prophecy had ceased with the removal of the Shekhinah, and only appeared in extraordinary times or on account of great force, as that of Abraham, Moses, the expected Messiah, Elijah and their equals. In them the Shekhinah found a worthy abode, and their very existence helped their contemporaries to gain the degree. of prophecy. The people, after their return, still had Haggai, Zechariah, Ezra and others. Forty years later these prophets were succeeded by an assembly of Sages, called the Men of the Great Synode. They were too numerous to be counted. They had returned with Zerubbabel and inherited their tradition from the Prophets, as it is said: 'The prophets handed [the law] down to the Men of the Great Synode' (Aboth, I. i.). The next generation was that of the High Priest Simon the Just and his disciples and friends. He was followed by Antigonos of Sōchō of great fame. His disciples were Ṣādōk and Boethos who were the originators of the sects called after them Saddōcaeans and Boethosians. The next was Jōsē b. Jō‘ēzer 'the most pious among the priests,' 33 and Josef b. Jōḥānān and their friends. With regard to the former it was said: 'At the death of Jōsē b. Jō‘ēzer the grapes ceased' as it is said: 'No grapes to eat;' (Mic. vii. 1), for no sin of his was know from his youth to his death. He was followed by Joshua b. Peraḥyāh whose history is known. Among his disciples was Jesus the Nazarene, and Nittāi of Arbela was his contemporary. After him came Judah b. Tabbāi and Simon b. Shētaḥ, with the friends of both. At this period arose the doctrine of the Karaites in consequence of an incident between the Sages and King Jannai who was a priest. His mother was under suspicion of being a 'profane' woman. One of the Sages alluded to this, saying to him: 'Be satisfied, O king Jannai, with the royal crown, but leave the priestly crown to the seed of Aaron.' His friends prejudiced him against the Sages, advising him to browbeat, expel, and scatter or kill them. He replied: 'If I destroy the Sages what will become of our Law?' 'There is the written law,' they replied, whoever wishes to study it may come and do so; take no heed of the oral law.' He followed their advice and expelled the Sages and among them Simon b. Shētaḥ, his son-in-law. Rabbanism was laid low for some time. The other party tried to establish a law built on their own conception, but failed, till Simon b. Shētaḥ returned with his disciples from Alexandria, and restored tradition to its former condition. Karaism had, however, taken root among people who rejected the oral law, and called all kinds of proofs to their aid, as we see to-day. As regards the Sādōcaeans and Boēthosians, they are the sectarians who are anathemised in our prayer. The followers of Jesus are the Baptists who adopted the doctrine of baptism, being baptized in the Jordan. The Karaites turned their attention to the fundamental principles, deducing the special laws from them by means of arguments. The damage often extended to the roots, through their ignorance rather than intention. The next generation was that of Shema‘yāh and Abtaliōn, whose disciples were Hillēl and Shammāi. Hillēl was famous for his learning and gentleness. He was a descendant of David and lived a hundred and twenty years. He had thousands of pupils. The following was said about the most select of these: Hillēl the elder had eighty disciples. Thirty were worthy of association with the Shekhinah; thirty were fit to declare embolismic years, and twenty stood between the two former groups. The greatest of them was Jōnāthān b. Uzzi‘ēl, the least of them was Joḥānān b. Zakkāi, who left unstudied no verse in the Bible, nor Mishnāh, Talmud, Halākhā, Agādā, explanatory rules of the Sages and Scribes, nor any word of the law code. It was said concerning him, that he never held a profane conversation, was always the last and first in the house of study, never slept there even for a few minutes, never walked four yards without a word of Tōrāh or phylacteries, never sat idle, but studied deeply. No one lectured to his pupils but he, said nothing but what he had heard from the mouth of his teacher, and never said that it was time to leave the house of study. This was also characteristic of his disciple R. Eliezer. R. Jōḥānān b. Zakkāi lived a hundred and twenty years like his master, and saw the second Temple. Among his disciples was R. Eliezer b. Hyrcanos, the author of the 'Chapters of R. Eliezer,' a famous work on astronomy, calculation of the spheres and earth and other profound astronomical subjects. His pupil was R. Ishmael b. Elisha, the High Priest. He is the author of the works entitled 'Hēkhālōth', 'Hakhārath Panim,' and the 'Ma‘asē Merkābāh,' because he was initiated in the secrets of this science, being worthy of a degree near prophecy. He is responsible for the following utterance: 'Once I entered [the Holy of Holiest] in order to burn the incense, and I saw Akhterīēl Yāh, the Lord of Hosts,' etc. Another pupil of his was the famous R. Joshua between whom and Rabbān Gamaliēl occurred the well known affair; further R. Jōsē, and R. Elāzar b. Arākh. Of the last named it was said: 'If all Sages of Israel were placed on one scale and Elāzar b. Arākh on the other, he would outweigh them ' Beside those famous men and many Sages, priests and Levites whose calling was the study of the law, there flourished undisturbed in the same period the seventy learned members of the Synhedrion on whose authority officials were appointed or deposed. With reference to this it is told: R. Simon b. Joḥāi said: 'I heard from the mouth of the seventy elders on the day when R. Eliezer b. Azariāh was appointed President of the Academy.' These seventy had a hundred followers, the latter -thousands; for, seventy such accomplished men can best be selected from hundreds standing beneath them and so on by degrees. In the next generation after the destruction of the Temple, there lived R. Akībāh and R. Tarfōn and R. Jōsē of Galilee with their friends. R. Akībāh reached a degree so near prophecy that he held intercourse with the spiritual world, as it is said: Four persons entered paradise; one of them peeped in and died, the other did the same and was hurt; the third did likewise and cut the plants down, and only one entered in peace and left in peace. This was R. Akībāh. The one who died was unable to bear the glance of the higher world, and his body collapsed. The second lost his mind and whispered divine frenzy without benefiting mankind. The third fell into bad ways, because he ascended above human intelligence and said: 'Human actions are but instruments which lead up to spiritual heights. Having reached these I care not for religious ceremonies. He was corrupt and corrupted others, erred and caused others to err.' R. Akībāh conversed with both worlds without harm, and it was said of him: He was as worthy of associating with the Shekhinah as Moses, but the period was not propitious. He was one of the ten martyrs, and during his torture enquired of his pupils, whether the time of reading the Shema‘ had arrived. They answered: 'O our master; even now?' 'All my days,' he answered, 'I endeavoured to practise the words: "with all thy heart and all thy soul--even if it costs thee thy life"; now, when the opportunity has arisen, I will make them true.' He protracted the ēḥād till his soul fled